
Copyright^ . 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



IN PREPARATION: 

The Application of the Anatomy 

of Food-Producing Animals 

in Meat inspection 

By 
Dr. ALEXANDRE LIAUTARD 

AND 

Dr. D. ARTHUR HUGHES. 

A COMPANION work to "Lymphatic 
^~^ Glands in Meat-Producing Animals," by 
the same authors. These two new volumes 
form a group with our publications, "Ostertags' 
Handbook of Meat Inspection' ' and 'Guide 
for Meat Inspectors." All four have been 
specially prepared to suit the needs of the 
very numerous veterinarians who are entering 
national, state and city meat inspection services. 

WILLIAM R. JENKINS CO., NEW YORK 



Lymphatic Glands 

IN MEAT-PRODUCING 
ANIMALS 

THEIR METHODICAL EXAMINATION WITH SANITARY 

INSPECTION AS THE VIEWPOINT, TOPOGRAPHICAL 

DATA AND PATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS 

OCCURRING IN THESE ORGANS 



BY 

P. GODBILLE 

Section Chief of the Sanitary Veterinary Inspection of Paris 
and the Department of the Seine 

TRANSLATED BY 

ALEXANDRE FRANQOIS ^IAUTARD 
M.D., V.M., F.R.C.V.S. (Hon.) 

Chevalier and Officer of the Merite Agrlcole, Officer of the Legion d'Honneur: 

Founder, Director, Dean of the Faculty and Professor of Anatomy, 

Operative Surgery and Sanitary Medicine, American Veterinary 

College, New York, 1875-1878; Editor of the American 

Veterinary Review; Author of Manual of Operative 

Veterinary Surgery, Animal Castration, etc. 

AND 

D. ARTHUR HUGHES, Litt. M., Ph.D. D.V.M. 

Veterinary Inspector of Meat Producing Animals, Meats and Meat-Food 

Products: Quartermaster Corps U. S. Army, Chicago; Professor 

of Meat Hygiene, Milk Hygiene; Abattoir and Dairy 

Inspection Methods and Medical Botany in 

the Chicago Veterinary College, etc. 




New York 

WILUAM R. JENKINS COMPANY 

PUBLISHERS 

Sixth Avenue at 48TH Street 






Copyright, 1915 
William R. Jenkixs Company 



All Rights Reserved 



Lrjtf 




DEC 27 1915 



Printed by the 

Press ov William R. Jenkins Company 

New York 

©CI.A420143 



INSCRIPTION 

To the Meat Inspection Service of the United 
States Department of Agriculture: 

To the Veterinary Officials of that Service in 
Washington, whose exhaustive interpretation of the 
details of the Meat Inspection Law of June 30th, 
1906, and strict administration of that statute have 
removed criticisms of American meats. 

To the Veterinary Inspectors in charge at Meat 
Packing Centers, whose watchful attention to the 
application of the statute, as interpreted, has made 
the meat trade value its worth. 

To the Veterinary Inspectors in the American 
abattoirs, whose work in Applied Pathology and in 
Manufactory Sanitation has won for them a high 
place in public esteem 

THIS BOOK IS INSCRIBED 



CONTENTS 



Page 

Preface 9 

Introduction 13 

The Necessity for Knowledge of the Topographic Ana- 
tomical Data and of the Pathologic Alterations in 
these Organs 13 

PART I. 

Topographic Anatomy of the Lymphatic Glands in 
Food-Producing Animals 21 

SECTION I. 

Situation and Characteristics of these Glands in the 
Bovine Species 21 

Chapter I. The Bovine Species. — Thoracic Lymph 
Glands and Glands of the Anterior Leg 21 

Chapter II. Bovine Species. — Glands of the Neck and 
Head 33 

Chapter III. Bovine Species. — Lymph Glands of the 
Abdominal Wall. Pelvic Cavity and Hind Extremity 41 

Chapter IV. Bovine Species. — Viscera Lymphatic 
Glands 55 

SECTION II. 

Situation and Characteristics of these Glands in 
Swine • 71 

Chapter V. Swine. — Thoracic Lymphatic Glands 71 

Chapter VI. Swine. — Lymph Glands of the Neck and 
Head, and of the Anterior Leg 77 

Chapter VII. Swine. — Lymph Glands of the Abdom- 
inal Wall, Pelvic Cavity, and of the Posterior Leg. . 87 

Chapter VIII. Swine. — Visceral Lymph Glands 91 

SECTION III. 

The Situation and Characteristics of these Glands in 
Sheep and in the Horse 103 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

Page 

Chapter IX. Sheep. — General Remarks and Some 
Particulars 103 

Chapter X. Lymphatic Glands in the Horse. Thoracic 
Lymph Glands. Visceral Lymph Glands 105 

PART II. 

The Situation and Characteristics of these Glands in 
Meat-Producing Animals and Pathological Altera- 
tions occurring in them 115 

SECTION IV. 

The Normal Appearance of these Glands and of their 
Products 115 

Chapter XI. The Histological Characteristics of Nor- 
mal Lymphatic Glands 115 

Chapter XII. The White Globules or Leucocytes 119 

Chapter XIII. Variations in Structure of Normal 
Lymphatic Glands and the Reasons for them 125 

SECTION V. 

Pathological Alterations occurring in Lymphatic 

Glands of Meat-Producing Animals 131 

Chapter XIV. Glandular Alterations during acute 
febrile Diseases ; Sclerosis ; Lymphadenia ; Tumor 
Formation ; Emphysema 131 

Chapter XV. Parasitic Alterations 141 

Vegetable Parasitisms or Mycoses 141 

Animal Parasitisms or Zooparasitic Alterations.... 149 

Chapter XVI. Microbian Alterations 153 

Alterations due to Putrefaction 163 

Synoptical Index 165 



PREFACE. 

In the practical examination, immediately after 
slaughter, of cattle and swine for diseases, most of 
the work, in America and elsewhere, is likely to 
consist in the inspection for tuberculosis; because 
most of the condemnations of whole carcasses, or 
parts of carcasses, is due to the existence of that 
disease to such an extent as to warrant destruction 
of the meat under the direction of the veterinary 
inspector. In the United States the presence of 
well advanced cholera, shown in the post mortem 
inspection, has caused the condemnation of hogs in 
increasing numbers and the destruction of pork 
in total amounts second only to those for tubercu- 
losis. The condemnations of sheep in the abattoirs 
of this country is largely for caseous lymph ad- 
enitis. The official statistics for 1913 in the United 
States are as follows : 



Cattle 


Whole carcases 

condemned for 

tuberculosis 


Parts of carcases 

condemned for 

tuberculosis 




Total amount 
inspected 
7,099, 080 


33,001 


47,554 




Hogs 

Total amount 

inspected 

31,968,407 


47,630 


359,047 


Whole carcases 

condemned for 

hog cholera 

88,547 


Sheep 

Total amount 

inspected 

14,705,853 






Whole carcases 

condemned for 

caseous lymph 

adenitis 

2,340 



10 PREFACE 

It is a fact well known to every veterinarian with 
even the least experience in the post mortem exami- 
nation of meat-producing animals, such as cattle, 
swine and sheep, that, of the inspection for the dis- 
eases mentioned — tuberculosis, hog cholera, and 
caseous lymph adenitis — the first, tuberculosis, calls 
for a close examination of the lymphatic glands of 
the carcass; the second, hog cholera, requires par- 
ticular attention to the condition, not only of the 
skin, kidneys and intestines, but also to the changes 
in the lymphatics; in the third, caseous lymph ad- 
enitis, the attention of the inspector is confined 
almost entirely to the pathological changes in the 
lymph nodes. 

Well known as all this is, for instance, to the 
thousand and sixty veterinarians in the Bureau of 
Animal Industry, which conducts the Meat Inspec- 
tion under the United States Government, and well 
known as it is, besides, to English-speaking vet- 
erinarians everywhere, and all others, who have to 
do with post mortem examination of meat-produc- 
ing animals, there has never yet appeared in Eng- 
lish a book devoted completely to the methodical 
examination of the lymphatics. It is the aim of the 
translators to fill the gap in our English and Amer- 
ican veterinary literature. For, the man who be- 
gins post mortem work in the examination of the 
carcasses of meat-producing animals for disease, 
whatever be his preparation in pathology and para- 



PREFACE 11 

sitology, will find himself not so useful as he should 
be, at least for a time, without he has a knowledge 
of the topographic normal anatomy of the lym- 
phatic system and of the morbid anatomy of the 
lymphatic glands. Experience shows that the puz- 
zling thing to a novice is not so much to decide 
promptly on abnormalities, but to locate readily the 
glands — the problem is that of the acquisition of 
an exact knowledge of the anatomy of the lym- 
phatic system. A book, therefore, upon this long- 
omitted subject, should serve a useful purpose. 

With the cordial consent of the author, Monsieur 
P. Godbille, Section Chief of the Veterinary Sani- 
tary Service of Paris, France, and the Department 
of the Seine, and with the hearty acquiescence of Dr. 
H. Martel, editor of L' Hygiene de la Viandes et du 
halt, in whose journal it appeared in the years 1909 
and 1910, and with the approval of M. R. Michault, 
the publisher, we have translated and put into read- 
able English Godbille's book, Examen Methodiqne 
des Ganglions Lymphatiques des Animaux des Bon- 
cheries de point de vue l' inspection des viandes, and 
present to English-speaking veterinarians of the 
world this concisely written book on the lymphatic 
glands. Part One of the book treats of the topo- 
graphic anatomy of lymphatic glands. Part Two 
takes up the histological features of the normal 
glands, the changes that occur in them in bacterial 
diseases, and the pathological pictures they present 



12 PREFACE 

in the various diseased states. Hence the book, 
though short, is complete, and should prove of serv- 
ice to any person with sufficient training in the med- 
ical sciences who intends to enter upon the work of 
examining for disease the carcasses of meat-pro- 
ducing animals. 

We join with our French colleagues, who first 
published this work in Paris, in the same feelings of 
cordiality and goodwill with which they give their 
consent to its translation into English and publica- 
tion in America. To our American publishers we 
extend the hand of thanks for their ceaseless en- 
deavors to bring the work through the press in ac- 
cordance with their high standards. And we bid 
the book to go forth on its mission of helpfulness 
wherever that is desired. 



INTRODUCTION 



The Necessity for Knowledge of the Topo- 
graphic Anatomical Data and of the Patho- 
logic Alterations in these Organs. 

The inspection of the lymphatic glands of animals 
likely to be tuberculous is of capital importance from 
the point of view of the sanitary inspection of meat. 
Every time that lesions of such nature are found 
in the viscera or the serous membranes of the 
splanchnic cavities of this class of animals, either in 
greater or lesser degree, it is absolutely necessary 
to search for the alterations that tuberculosis leaves 
in the tissues of all other regions besides these cavi- 
ties. The orders of the Secretary of Agriculture 
regulating conditions for the condemnation of the 
meat of tuberculous animals, indeed, directs the 
complete confiscation of such animals when lesions 
are detected in the intra-muscular glands of the 
various regions.* The result is also the same when 



*The "Secretary of Agriculture" referred to here is the French 
national officer. For regulations on the Meat Inspection of the 
United States Department of Agriculture, see Bureau of Animal 
Industry order number 211, effective, in part, November 1, 1914, 
and, in part, January 1, 1915, and subsequent order as they ap- 
pear. Especially, in order 211, note pp. 22-34. 

13 



14 INTRODUCTION 

coexisting serious lesions are localized in one of the 
two visceral cavities or extend over a limited sur- 
face of the two pleural and peritoneal serous mem- 
branes. 

Quite often it is also necessary to resort to inci- 
sion of the lymphatic glands, when meats, prepared 
without sanitary control in private slaughtering 
places, are presented, without viscera, to be distrib- 
uted in small quantity, or are intended for school, 
hospital, or penitentiary establishments. All these 
meats, well prepared, and free from ecchymotic, in- 
flammatory or any other lesions, which cause them 
to deteriorate in places, may, notwithstanding all 
the preparatory care they have received, present 
indications of abnormality which call for the atten- 
tion of those familiar with the work of the exami- 
nation of meat. 

The tearing off, for instance, of the serous mem- 
brane, which attracts the attention because of the 
stringy appearance left by the laceration of the ten- 
dinous, aponeurotic or periostic fibrillae of the parts 
underneath, must always be a cause for further 
inquiry by those who are given charge of the work 
of watching for the sanitariness or insanitariness 
of the goods delivered. It is well known also that 
sometimes this is done only to remove the stains that 
blood has left on the pleura when the slashing of 
the blood-vessels entering the chest has been too 
deep, or when one of the anterior pleural cut de sacs 



INTRODUCTION 15 

has been punctured, when the animal was being 
bled. It then becomes evident how advantageous 
the examination of the lymphatic glands may be 
when growths on the pleura have been removed. 

Again, the nature of some visceral lesions or of 
the exact anatomy of some tissues of which the meat 
is composed, must very often also be established. 
It is thus that one may be called upon to differen- 
tiate tuberculosis from the bony or muscular neo- 
plastic lesions ; from the neo-membranous products 
such as those more or less f ringy or spreaded, hav- 
ing a russet color and found adherent to the surface 
of the serous membranes of lean cattle; from the 
pleuretic adhesions with piriform and pedunculated 
purulent centers found on the pleura of swine; from 
the little islets of chronic broncho-pneumonia with 
parasitic or microbian origin; from the parasitic 
regressing cysts with more or less caseous degenera- 
tion of their contents ; from the sarcomatous lesions, 
and from abscesses of the liver or the spots of ne- 
crosing hepatitis, etc., etc. 

It is by examining the glands corresponding to 
the lymphatic area of the diseased parts that at once 
and with certainty the real tuberculous nature of the 
lesions found can be confirmed. 

As the lymphatic glands are usually enveloped by 
fat or are isolated between muscular layers, the ob- 
ject of this book, written concisely, is to indicate 
how these organs can be most readily found be- 



16 INTRODUCTION 

cause of their precise topographic relationships and 
by the anatomical data which at once tell of their 
presence. 

In general, the glands are situated in the neigh- 
borhood of arteries and veins, the lymphatic ves- 
sels being their satellites. Their size is not always 
in proportion to the caliber of the blood-vessels 
round which they are situated. Quite often, the 
smallest glands are found in the apex of the bifurca- 
tion of the large trunk of the circulatory apparatus 
or again along the course of some of them (carotid, 
sub-lumbar portions of the aorta). 

In order to expose in a rational manner the ana- 
tomical location of the glands, the best method is 
to study their relations with the blood vessels and 
the parts of the skeleton belonging to the regions 
with which they are connected. Accordingly we 
shall examine them as follows : 

1. Thorax, anterior leg, neck, and head. 

2. Abdomen, pelvis, posterior leg. 

3. Thoracic and abdominal viscera. 



PART I 

TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF 

THE LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

IN FOOD-PRODUCING 

ANIMALS 



SECTION I 

SITUATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF 

THESE GLANDS IN THE 

BOVINE SPECIES 



19 



PARI 1 I 

Topographic Anatomy of the Lymphatic 
Glands in Food-Producing Animals 



SECTION I 

Situation and Characteristics of these Glands 
in the Bovine Species. . 



CHAPTER I 

Bovine Species. — Thoracic Lymph Glands 
and Glands of the Anterior Leg. 

Chest Entrance. All the glands of this region 
have been collected in a single group, under the 
general name of the pre pectoral. On the inner 
face of each scalent muscle, or that of the superior 
part of the first rib, there is a gland, which is in 
relation on the right side with the trachea, to which 
it is often adherent; while on the left side, the sym- 
metrical organ lays against the oesophagus. These 
glands, not mentioned in the various publications on 
anatomy, are called the internal prepectorals. Be- 
low the part where the trachea and oesophagus are 

21 



22 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 23 



Fig. 1.. 

Parietal and Visceral Lymphatic Glands of the 
Thoracic Cavity. 

1. Intercostal Lymphatic Gland. 

2. (Esophageal or Posterior Mediastinal Lymphatic Glands. 

3. Dorso-Aortic Lymphatic Gland. 

4. Axillary Lymphatic Gland. 

5. Thymus, 

6. Sterno-Diaphragmatic Lymphatic Gland. 

7. Presusternal Lymphatic Gland or Gland of Van Hersten. 

8. Insertion of the Triangularis Sterni Muscle. 

9. Sus-Sternal Lymphatic Glands. 

10. Sub-Pleural Lymphatic Gland of the sixth rib. 



24 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

placed alongside each other, and above the angle 
of the separating carotids, there is a median gland- 
ular mass, the prepecto-tracheal. 

The external prepectoral glands consist of: First, 
one or two glands, rather large and situated down 
the jugular groove, on the level of the junction of 
^the axillary vein and the inter-axillary space (tra- 
cheo-cephalic trunk) with the jugular. These 
glands, easy to explore on living, lean animals, have 
been improperly designated as axillary; the name of 
pre-axillary would be more appropriate on account 
of their situation with regard to the axillary region. 
There are to be found, secondly, one or two more 
or less voluminous glands lying against the external 
face of the first rib, downward from the axillary 
artery and vein. These external glands correspond 
to the sub-clavicular of man and not to the axillary. 

Dorsal Region. In the vertebro-costal groove, 
between the longus colli muscle and two or three of 
the first ribs, there are, on the course of the verte- 
bro-dorsal artery, two or three glands called the 
anterior intercostal. Above the posterior aorta and 
on each side of the bodies of the vertebrae, and sur- 
rounded by fat, there are a series of small glands as 
large as peas, which are sometimes visible under 
the costal pleura. They are generally situated close 
to each intercostal artery in the hollow places made 
between the vertebro-costal articulations. These 
are also often found lying lower down on the ver- 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 25 

tebral bodies, and are called dorso-aortic, or poste- 
rior intercostal, according to their situation. In 
some cases they are divided into a dorso-aortic and 
an inter-costal. The glands situated opposite the 
eleventh and twelfth intercostal spaces are generally 
very large. 

Sternal Region. Above the sternum and along 
the internal thoracic vein and artery, there is to be 
found opposite each intercostal space a lymph gland 
varying in size from the head of a pin to a large 
pea. From the sternal cartilage of the second rib, 
both blood vessels and glands are entirely covered 
by the triangularis sterni muscle. To expose them, 
it is necessary to cut through the muscle from for- 
ward backward, the edge of the instrument follow- 
ing a line situated about two centimeters below the 
chondro-costal enlargements. This division of the 
muscle uncovers the blood-vessels, and, as the glands 
are generally situated in the posterior angle which is 
formed (when the internal thoracic blood-vessels 
give off the intercostals), a small incision made per- 
pendicularly and near the posterior border of the 
rib, will be sufficient to expose the glands. When 
the fat which surrounds the blood-vessels and the 
glands is removed, these will be found above the 
thoracic artery and below the border of the liga- 
ment, which unites the superior extremities of the 
costal cartilages. 

The lymph glands called the sus-sternal are of 



26 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 27 



Fig. 2. 
Superficial Lymphatic Glands of the Neck and Shoulder. 

1. Parotid Lymphatic Gland. 

2. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 

3. Sub-Atloid Lymphatic Gland. 

4. Parotid Salivary Gland. 

5. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 

6. Sub-Cutaneous Hematic Gland. 

7. Sub-Cutaneous Hematic Gland. 

8. Level of Pre-Scapular Lymphatic Gland. 

9. Retro-Pharyngeal Lymphatic Gland. 

10. Middle Cervical Lymphatic Gland. 

11. Fat round Pre-Scapular Gland. 

12. Brachial or Sub-Scapular Gland. 



28 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

various sizes. There may be one, two, or three 
large ones; while the others diminish gradually, to 
be reduced to fine hematic granulations or may even 
disappear entirely. Those most frequently found 
are situated below the third, fourth and fifth inter- 
costal spaces. 

In the hollow place formed by the cartilage of 
the first rib and the lateral face of the first ster- 
nebra, there is always found a gland about the size 
of an almond, which is called the presustemal. A 
Belgian veterinarian, Van Hersten, was the first to 
call attention to it in the examination of meats 
which were suspected of being infected with tuber- 
culosis. 

On a level with the costo-chondral articulation of 
the sixth rib, under the pleura and surrounded by 
a streak of fat, there is very often found a small un- 
named lymph gland, which corresponds to the ster- 
no-diaphragmatic gland of man. 

Finally, mention must be made of a thoracic gland 
named the sterno- pericardiac, situated back of the 
point of the pericardium, between the folds of a 
piece of the mediastinum which remains adherent to 
the sternum and to the diaphragm, and concealed in 
a floating layer of fat. It is homologous to the me- 
dian diaphragmatic gland of man. 

Attached to the anterior face of the dia,phragm, 
there may be found a long, large gland, which, in its 
natural position, is situated between the layers of 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 29 

the posterior mediastinum, and which separates the 
posterior aorta from the oesophagus. We shall 
again speak of this gland (cesophago-aortic) when 
considering the visceral glands. 

Lymph Glands of the Anterior Leg. When the 
fore extremity has been severed from the chest, 
these glands that we have mentioned as external 
prepectorals and which are on the external face of 
the first rib, may often be seen adhering to its inner 
face. Posterior to the humeral artery and vein and 
against the tendon common to the great dorsal and 
the adductor muscles of the arm, there is an oval 
flattened gland, named the sub-scapular or tracheal, 
which is homologous to the axillary group of man. 

We have never been able to find the gland in cattle 
situated on the internal face of the elbow, which is 
called the sus-epitrochlear in the horse and man. 

In front of the anterior border of the shoulder 
and a little above the scapulo-humeral joint, there 
is an enormous, elongated gland, named the pre- 
scapular, which corresponds to the sus-clavicular of 
man. It is situated under the small triangular band 
formed by the visible part of the scapular portion of 
the mastoido-humeralis muscle (omo-trochelian), 
and it is entirely surrounded with fat. This gland, 
named the inferior cervical by veterinary anato- 
mists, is situated on the course of the inferior cer- 
vical vein and artery (ascending branches) which 
run upward along the anterior border of the shoul- 



30 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 31 



Fig. 3. 

Superficial and Deep Lymphatic Glands of the Head 
and Guttural Region. 

1. Retro-Priaryngeai Gland. 

2. Hyoid Bone. 

3. Great Anterior Straight Muscle of the Head. 

4. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 

5. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 

6. Atloid Gland. 

7. Jugular Lymphatic Gland. 

8. Atloid Lymphatic Gland. 

9. Parotid Salivary Gland. 

10. Parotid Lymphatic Gland. 

11. Wing of the Atlas. 

12. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 

13. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 



32 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

der and are marked by four or five little hematic 



glands. 



Two or three superficial lenticular, hemolym- 
phatic glands, situated four, five or six centimeters 
down from the dorsal angle of the scapula, may also 
be found on the external face of the adductor mus- 
cle and the superior extremity of the long extensor 
muscle of the forearm. In animals in good condi- 
tion, they are entirely surrounded by fat. 



CHAPTER II 
Bovine Species. — Glands of Neck and Head. 

If, when taking off the fore leg from the chest, 
the incision into the superficial muscles of the neck 
has been made close to the anterior border of the 
shoulder, the prescapular glands and the chain of 
hematic glands are found adherent to the base of 
the neck, surrounded with fat. On the surface of 
the sub-cutaneous triangular portion of the omo- 
trachelian muscle, from two to five hemo-lymphatic 
glands are sometimes found on the inner face of the 
jugular and along the carotid artery ; if this has been 
left by the butcher when he removed the trachea, 
one may meet with small scattered glands which 
are so minute as to be almost indistinct. These are 
the middle cervical, which are on a level with the bi- 
furcation of the jugular vein, namely at the larynx. 
One of these glands becomes larger than the rest. 

On the superior part of the neck, under the wing 
of the atlas, and on the course of the occipital veins 
and arteries, the sub-atloid gland is located. As 

33 



34 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 35 

Fig. 4. 
Topography of the Lymphatic Glands of the Head. 

1. Styloid Process. 

2. Hyoid Bone. 

3. Parotid Salivary Gland. 

4. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 

5. Internal Pterygoid Muscle. 

6. Cervical Ligament. 

7. Complexus and Posterior Straight Muscle 

of the Head. 

8. Lateral Small Straight Muscle. 

9. Anterior Ditto (Small). 

10. Anterior Ditto (Great). 

11. Carotid Artery. 

12. Superior Cervical Nervo-Ganglion. 

13. Retro-Pharyngeal Lymphatic Glands. 

14. QEsophagus. 

15. Masseter Muscle. 

16. Border of the Inferior of the Maxillary Bone. 

17. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 

18. Larynx. 

19. Stylo-Hyoideus Muscle. 

20. Omo-Hyoideus Muscle. 

21. Sterno-Hyoideus Muscle. 

22. Mylo-Hyoideus Muscle. 

23. Sterno Maxillaris Muscle. 

24. Digastricus Muscle. 



36 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

large as an almond, it lies against the small anterior 
straight muscle of the head and is completely cov- 
ered by the maxillary salivary gland. 

The head presents on each side three lymphatic 
glands which should be examined. The first is the 
parotid, a flat little mass, situated immediately 
under the salivary parotid gland, and against the 
posterior face of the condyle and synovial capsule 
of the temporo-maxillary articulation. Its superior 
extremity is located in the bottom of the temporal 
fossa, while the inferior is spread on the external 
masseter muscle, extending a little over the anterior 
margin of the parotid salivary gland. The two or- 
gans are easily differentiated by their coloration, the 
salivary gland being of a brilliant red color. The 
second is the maxillary or sub-glossal gland, situ- 
ated inside the border of the inferior maxillary bone, 
back of the masseteric groove, where the facial vein 
and artery are lodged. It is covered by the tendon 
of the sterno-maxillaris muscle and lies in the slight 
lateral depression of the inferior extremity of the 
maxillary salivary gland, and it is surrounded by 
fat. The third is the retro-pharyngeal gland, lying 
within the superior part of the ascending branch of 
the hyoid bone under the great anterior straight 
muscle of the head, which is also named the sub- 
sphenoidal, or hyoid gland. There is also a second 
pharyngeal gland, smaller in size, situated in front 
of the larger pharyngeal, just mentioned. 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 37 

The hyoid lymph gland cannot be mistaken, on ac- 
count of its size, for the plexiform, nervous gang- 
lion of the pneumo-gastric nerve, which is found a 
little back of it, imbedded between the superior ex- 
tremity of the branch of the hyoid bone and the 
great anterior straight muscle, and in front of the 
foramen lacerum of the temporal bone. This fusi- 
form organ is well developed in cattle. 

If, instead of having the head split in two parts, 
at the same time as the neck is split, as, for instance, 
is done in Paris, the head is cut off from the neck 
before it is separated in halves, the position of the 
glands differs somewhat. In this case, to expose the 
retro-pharyngeal glands, all that is necessary will 
be to incise the fat and connective tissue, which is 
between the great and small anterior straight mus- 
cles of the head, which are seen under the occipital 
condyles and the superior extremity of the branch 
of the hyoid bone. The stump end of the carotid 
and the divided oesophagus are below the point 
where the gland is to be found. When the butcher 
removes the tongue, the maxillary and retro-phar- 
yngeal lymphatic glands may remain attached to 
the organ. On the removed tongue, the retro-phar- 
yngeal glands are then found adherent to the 
branches of the hyoid bone, while the maxillary 
glands are enveloped in the fat that lies under the 
tongue. 

One must be careful not to mistake for the gland 



38 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 



oo 





IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 39 

Fig. 5. 
Lymphatic Glands of the Tongue of Cattle. 

A. — Superior Face. B. — Lateral. C. — Inferior. 

1. Epiglottis. 

2. Cricoid Cartilage. 

3. Arytenoid Cartilage. 

4. Hyoid Bone. 

5. Retro-Pharyngeal Lymphatic Gland. 

6. Amygdale. 

7. Foramen Ccecum of Mortgagny. 

8. Soft Palate. 

9. Thyroid Cartilage. 

10. Crico-Thyroideus Muscle. 

11. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 

12. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 

13. Sub-Lingual Salivary Gland. 

14. Thyro-Pharyngeus Muscle. 

15. Hyo-Thyroideus Muscle. 

16. Sterno-Hyoideus Muscle. 

17. Thyroid Body. 

18. Sterno-Hyoideus Muscle. 

19. Pterygo-Pharyngeus Muscle. 



40 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

the tonsil, which is at the base of the tongue, and 
which is recognized by the fact that its bottom is 
covered with lymphoid crests and is open near the 
lateral insertion of the velum palati, opposite the 
apex of the epiglottis. On section, the tonsil, which 
may also be diseased and hypertrophied by tuber- 
culous lesions, shows, among the lymphoid follicles, 
small yellowish, muciparous granules, which cannot 
be mistaken for lesions. 



CHAPTER III 

Lymph Glands of the Abdominal Wall, Pelvic 
Cavity and Hind Extremity 

To exactly locate the anatomical situation of the 
lymph glands of these regions, one must be well 
acquainted with the relations of the aortic trunk 
and have knowledge of its ramifications. 

Sub-Lumbar Region. In front of the hilus of 
each kidney and at the junction of the renal veins 
and arteries with the aortic trunk and the vena 
cava, the renal gland is found. It is of the size of 
a hazel nut, and must not be confused with the 
supra-renal capsules. These, however, are the larg- 
er and are situated near the anterior part of the kid- 
ney, and on section show a thin cortical layer of a 
light brown color and of a uniform thickness, 
readily distinguished from the medullary layer 
which is of a rosy, yellowish color. 

The right renal lymph gland is almost always 
concealed by the renal vein which covers it. 

On each side of the sub-lumbar portion of the 

posterior aorta, there are a series of small lymph or 

41 



42 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 43 



Fig. 6. 

Relations of Lymphatic Glands of the Hind Quarter to the 

Blood Vessels. 

1. External Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 

2. Middle Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 

3. Internal Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 

4. Ischiatic Lymphatic Gland. 

5. Gluteal Lymphatic Gland. 

6. Sacroiliac Lymphatic Gland. 

7. Popliteal Lymphatic Gland. 

8. Inguinal Lymphatic Gland. 

9. Renal Lymphatic Gland. 

10. Pre-Crural Lymphatic Gland. 

11. Circumflex Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 

12. Sub-Lumbar Lymphatic Gland. 



44 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

hematic glands (lumbo-aortic chain), irregularly 
distributed in the fat that covers the vascular 
trunks. In front of the terminal quadri furcation of 
the posterior aorta and of the posterior vena cava, 
there are two or three glands (sub-lumbar), which 
are much larger and which are found lying upon 
the blood-vessels. 

Pelvic Region. In the angle formed by the ex- 
ternal and internal iliac arteries there is a small 
gland, the internal iliac; and in the angle formed by 
the two internal iliacs and on the median line there 
is another of the same size but single, which is called 
the median iliac or snb-sacral gland. 

The internal iliac artery, continued by the ischi- 
atic, is often provided with a small lymph gland, 
concealed in fat, and on a level with the point of 
origin of the internal pudic artery. Coming out of 
the pelvic cavity, through the small sciatic notch, the 
ischiatic artery and vein are in connection with a 
lymph gland, the ischiatic, which is quite large. To 
expose it, one must follow the internal iliac and is- 
chiatic arteries and raise the ischio-renal muscle 
which covers the small ischiatic notch. The gland, 
enveloped with fat, is on the border of the notch. 
On each side of the vertebral body of the sacrum, 
there may be found, enveloped with pelvic fat, one 
or two small glands, often hematic, known as the 
lateral sacral. On the external face of the sacro- 
sciatic ligament opposite the transverse process of 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 45 

the third sacral vertebra and against the posterior 
border of the middle gluteus muscle, there is a gland 
the size of an almond, which has not yet been de- 
scribed, and near which the gluteal artery and vein 
arrive. This gland, however, which will be called 
the gluteal, is not always present. Another little 
gland is also frequently found in front of it. It is 
situated back of the sacro-iliac articulation, and 
hence the name of sacro-iliac is given to it. 

From the internal pudic artery and vein vascular 
branches run backward to meet a lymph gland situ- 
ated in the fat at the base of the tail, and which is 
named the anal gland. 

.Crural Region. On the sides of the border of 
the anterior straight muscle of the pelvis, on the 
surface of the great psoas muscle and in the angle 
formed by the external iliac and the circumflex iliac 
arteries, there is a large gland, the pre-iliac or ex- 
ternal iliac, which is easily exposed by cutting, flat- 
wise, the prepelvic mass of fat which is thickest at 
that point. 

Below the angle of the haunch, the circumflex 
iliac artery subdivides into two branches, and, on 
a level with this bifurcation, there is found the iliac 
circumflex gland, although it is not always pres- 
ent. It is about the size of a hazel nut. The 
posterior or pre-crural branch of the circumflex 
artery comes out of the abdominal cavity by a 
kind of arch, sloping slightly over the superior bor- 



46 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 47 



Fig. 7. 
Lymphatic Glands of the Pelvic Cavity. 

1. Ischiatic Lymphatic Gland. 

2. Internal Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 

3. Middle Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 

4. External Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 

5. Anal Lymphatic Gland. 

6. Superficial Inguinal Lymphatic Gland. 

7. Gluteal Lymphatic Gland. 

8. Sacro-Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 



48 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 



n oo 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 49 



Fig. 8. 
Lymphatic Glands of Hind Quarter of Cattle. 



1. 


Ischiatic. 


2. 


Popliteal. 


3. 


Inguino-Perineal 


4. 


Inguinal. 


5. 


Pre-Crural. 


6. 


External Iliac. 


7. 


Internal Iliac. 


6. 


Circumflex Iliac. 


9. 


Middle Iliac. 



10. Sub-Lumbar. 



50 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

der of the aponeurosis of the great oblique muscle 
of the abdomen, and then lies on the internal face 
of the ilio-aponeurotic muscle, whence it reaches the 
hilus of an enormous elongated lymph gland, called 
the pre crural. This gland is situated back of the 
hollow portion of the flank between the anterior 
border of the fleshy portion of the fascia lata and the 
posterior border of the panniculus carnosus. It is 
enveloped with the fat of the stifle region. There is 
no pre-crural glandular chain. 

On the external face and near the anterior border 
of the muscle tensor vaginae, there are often two 
or three small glands, which are hemo-lymphatic in 
nature. Four other similar glands are situated in 
the hollow portion of the flank, two fingers across 
from the posterior border of the last rib and on the 
surface of the great oblique muscle of the abdomen, 
to which they intimately adhere. Those four glands 
are of various sizes and are four or five centimeters 
apart, forming a sort of square. In animals in good 
condition, they are surrounded by the fat of the 
flank. Exceptionally, one of these glands may be 
adherent to the last rib. Quite often all four are 
hematic. 

Under the aponeurosis of the great oblique mus- 
cle of the abdomen, on a line with the crural arch 
and between the two terminal branches of the ad- 
ductor of the thigh, there is sometimes found, along 
the femoral artery, a large gland, called the deep 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 51 

inguinal. If, on the posterior wall of the inguinal 
canal, one follows the external pudic artery, there 
will be found near its division into the sub-cuta- 
neous artery of the abdomen and the mammary ar- 
tery or the dorsal artery of the penis, a pair of 
glands, which are -specially large in cows rich in 
milk. These are the superficial inguinal of males, 
the retro-mammary of females. Taking into con- 
sideration a half carcass, we may say that this organ 
is situated in the fat of the perineum, and, in a split 
carcass, it can be discovered by cutting away the 
fat and by following a line, the continuation of that 
which limits in front the anterior border of the 
muscular sub-pubic symphysis. In animals cas- 
trated by sub-cutaneous double torsion, this cut ex- 
poses sometimes the atrophied testicles, which pre- 
sent a uniform saffron yellow color and which are 
surrounded near the capsula by a reddish vascular 
border. 

If, after removing the muscles of the internal cru- 
ral region, including the semi-membranosus, the 
great deep muscular artery is traced as it twists 
within the coxo- femoral articulation, one will meet, 
at the apex of the angle formed by the posterior line 
of the gemini of the leg and the anterior border of 
the semi-tendinosus, a fatty mass which surrounds 
a rather large gland, the popliteal, which is easily 
exposed by cutting away the fat that lies between 
the two muscles. 



52 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 55 



Fig. 9. 
Superficial Glands of the Trunk. 

1. Level of Popliteal Lymphatic Gland. 

2. Anal Lymphatic Gland. 

3. Pre-Crural Lymphatic Gland. 

4. Hematic Glands of the Ilio-Aponeuroticus Muscle. 

5. Boundary of the Hypochondria. 

6. Lymphatic Glands of the Flank. 

7. Axillary Lymphatic Glands. 



54 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

Without separating the three crural masses of 
the thigh, one can remove this gland with the fat 
that surrounds it by cutting between the tendinous 
muscle and the biceps femoris. The line of separa- 
tion of these two muscles is in that of the prolonga- 
tion of the external saphena vein, which outwardly 
follows the external border of the tendo achillis. 



CHAPTER IV 
Visceral Lymphatic Glands 

Lungs. To understand the topographic arrange- 
ment of the lymphatic glands of the lungs, it is 
necessary to explain the anatomical relations exist- 
ing between the bronchial tree and the blood-vessels, 
factors of the pulmonary hematosis. In dissecting 
the bronchial disposition of each lung, it may be ob- 
served that, after passing the hilus of each organ, 
the principal bronchia (bronchial trunk, bronchial 
root) remains straight, and, while its diameter di- 
minishes gradually, it runs backwards parallel with 
the dorsal border of the organ, remaining at about 
one- third of the height of the mediastinal face. 
Only a thickness of four or five centimeters of in- 
flated pulmonary tissue covers it, and it is only at 
its much reduced extremity that its dichotomic rami- 
fication takes place. On the course of this bronchial 
trunk, a series of primary bronchise branch off, 

somewhat regularly, varying according to their 

55 



56 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 





IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 57 









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58 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

origin, from the external face of the dorsal, ventral 
and lateral divisions of the principal bronchia. 

Four dorsal, four ventral and four lateral bron- 
chiae may be counted, the mouths of the dorsal being 
about opposite those of the ventral, while those of 
the lateral alternate with the others. 

Each principal pulmonary vein is laid under the 
principal bronchia and inside the points of inser- 
tion of the primary ventral ramifications; while, on 
the contrary, every principal branch of the pulmo- 
nary arterial trunk, after twisting forward from 
the origin of the corresponding bronchial trunk, 
becomes fixed against it and above the points of 
attachment of the primary lateral bronchia. It is 
in the neighborhood of and slightly in front of these 
bronchial confluents that the intra-pulmonary lymph 
glands are situated. They are generally placed be- 
tween the artery and the bronchia or again they 
may be concealed by the blood-vessel. 

The glands that accompany the two most anterior, 
lateral, primary bronchise are generally very large, 
while those which are with the two posterior are 
reduced to small hematic granulations which are 
sometimes missing. Notwithstanding their small 
dimensions, the knowledge of their topographic ar- 
rangement is important, as it is well known that the 
smallest of these organs may become enormous in 
size, in comparison with its normal size, when tu- 
berculosis has invaded and hypertrophied it. 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 59 

The most anterior bronchial gland on the left side 
(left pretracheo-bronchial) is that which is most 
frequently examined. It is situated between the 
oesophagus, aorta, bronchial trunk and trachea. 

In the right lung, the corresponding gland is situ- 
ated in the bottom of the fissure which separates the 
supplementary tracheal lobe from the right cardiac. 
This gland, as large as a pea, lies against the left 
bronchial trunk and the pulmonary vein, where it 
is often concealed by the border of the pulmonary 
tissue. It is by the excision of this border that it 
can be exposed. When it has been invaded by tu- 
berculosis, and has become hypertrophied, it raises 
the edge of the lung tissue which covers it, and may 
then be seen and felt. The gland of the second 
bronchia is situated, in the right as well as in the 
left lung, in the bottom of the fissures which sepa- 
rate the cardiac from the diaphragmatic lobes. To 
discover it quickly on the left side, cut off the an- 
terior bronchia at its insertion and the gland will 
appear just below. 

If one wishes to expose, at once, the whole gland- 
ular chain, let him incise the pulmonary tissue from 
the tracheo-bronchial bifurcation, so as to uncover 
the bronchial root, and then divide all the dorsal 
brohchiae at their insertion. In this way a space, 
filled with lamellar connective tissue forming a kind 
of sheath for the pulmonary artery, will be exposed 
on the external border of the bronchial root. Clean 



60 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

off the tissue around this blood-vessel, push it aside, 
then the glands or the lymphatic granulations will 
be seen. 

For the right tracheal lobe, there is also a lymph 
gland, situated on a level with its hilus, and often 
concealed by fragments of the right auricle, which 
may have been cut by a butcher working hastily. 

From time to time, along the trachea, to the right 
and a little above the insertion of the supplementary 
lobe, there may also be found a gland which belongs 
to the prepectoral region. 

In the angle of the bifurcation of the trachea, 
there is generally found a small lymph gland, the 
intertr ache o -bronchial. When the pulmonary at- 
tachments of the posterior mediastinum have not 
been removed with the lungs, the large, long pos- 
terior mediastinal gland, also called oesophago- 
aortic or posterior oesophageal, may be seen hang- 
ing to one of these glands. If the oesophagus has 
also been left adherent to the lung, one may find 
above this organ, and on a level with the bifurca- 
tion of the trachea, one or two rather large glands, 
the anterior oesophageal or tracheo-oesophageal: 
Again between the trachea and the angle of the two 
aortae, there is a single glandular mass named the 
sub -tracheal. 

Liver and Pancreas. The lymph glands of these 
two organs are situated in the hollow of the hilus of 
the liver, and on each side of the portal vein, to form 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 61 

an almost complete belt around this vessel. There 
are generally five glands, the two superior being 
large and concealed under the pancreas near its in- 
sertion on the liver; another, less developed, being 
placed between the vein and the papillary portion of 
the lobe of Spigel; a fourth, small also, lying on the 
ductus choledochus. The fifth is very large and is 
situated to the right of the fissure, which is opposite 
the Spigelian lobe. There may also be noticed one 
or two small glands, which sometimes remain at- 
tached to the splenic branch of the portal vein. All 
these glands are generally surrounded with fat, and, 
for this reason, it is essential to know their situation 
well. 

To detect the glands of the pancreas, its posterior 
face must be turned over on the liver so as to ex- 
pose its anterior surface, and then, on account of 
the dark grayish tint, the lymphatic glands, sur- 
rounded by fat, may be readily seen. 

Spleen. There is no large gland appearing on 
the surface or borders of this organ ; however, a few 
small ones may be met with along the splenic vein 
and artery, on a level with the serous ligament. 

Stomach. The gastric lymph glands are arranged 
in a chain along the blood-vessels, which are dis- 
tributed on the surface of the stomach, and, on this 
account, these organs, which are of small size, are 
found in the bottom of the grooves which separate 
the compartments of the rumen or they are grouped 



62 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 
2 





4 10 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 63 



. Fig. 11. 
Stomach of Cattle. 

1. Reticulum. 

2. Reticulum. 

3. Arteries of Omasum and Abomasum. 

4. Arteries of Omasum and Abomasum. 

5. Artery of Reticulum. 

6. Abomasum. 

7. Spleen. 

8. Iliac Trunk. 

9. Rumen. 
10. Rumen. 



64 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

in small numbers in those that separate the omasum, 
the reticulum, and the abomasum. 

Superior face. Alongside the superior artery of 
the rumen there is a series of glands following the 
median fissure, and running between the two con- 
ical dilatations of the organ. In the small curvature 
of the reticulum and around the neck of communica- 
tion of the reticulum and the omasum, there are a 
certain number of glands, grouped around the su- 
perior artery of the reticulum. Along the superior 
artery of the omasum and abomasum, another 
glandular chain may be found. At the origin of the 
small curvature of the abomasum, close to the oma- 
sum, the glands are found to be much more nu- 
merous and more often in groups. 

Inferior face. After turning the stomach over, 
some glands will be noticed in the bottom of the 
median fissure of the rumen, along the inferior ar- 
tery of the organ, and following the entire great 
curvature of the abomasum; and another series of 
glands arranged in line along the course of the in- 
ferior artery of that organ will also be discovered. 

Intestines. The lymph glands of the intestines 
are distributed along the divisions of the great mes- 
enteric artery. 

Those of the small intestines should be examined 
first. They form between the layers of the mesen- 
tery and along the large vascular arches connecting 
the blood-vessels of this part of the digestive canal, 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 65 

and consist of two small, glandular chains running 
alongside of each other and separated here and 
there. This glandular mesenteric cord is especially 
well developed opposite the circumvolutions of the 
jejunum and of the ileum, to which they are nearer 
than they are elsewhere. Close to the ileum, they 
divide into chapelet and gradually diminish as they 
approach the end of the small intestines. 

To expose the lymph glands of the large intes- 
tines, the intestinal mass must be spread on its right 
face, and the most central loop of the spiroid colon 
must be carefully isolated, as well as the folds which 
bind it on the left side. The principal trunk of the 
colic artery and its ramifications will then be ex- 
posed and with it the small glands that run along- 
side it. Under the most anterior loop of the spiroid 
colon, at the origin of the great mesenteric artery 
and near the duodenum and the posterior sigmoid 
colon, there will be found a group of two or three 
fairly large glands. The caecum being then isolated 
up to the level of the ileo-caecal valve, some small 
glands will be exposed, along the curvature of the 
caecum and on the course of the caecal artery. 
Round the ileo-caecal valve and generally beyond its 
insertion, there may be found a very well developed 
gland, sometimes divided, which is the ileo-caecal. 

On the course of the small mesenteric artery, near 
the insertion of the mesentery on the terminal por- 
tion of the sub-lumbar colon and of the rectum, 



66 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 



Jfc 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 67 



Fig. 12. 
Lymphatic Glands of the Intestines. 

1. Aorta. 

2. Kidney. 

3. Duodenal Arch. 

4. Meso-Rectal Glands. 

5. Meso-Jejunal Glands. 

6. Colic Arteries and Lymphatic Glands. 

7. Ileum. 

8. Ileo-Csecal Valve. 



68 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

there is again a well developed chain of glands, 
which, in calves prepared by the butcher, may yet 
remain adherent to the sub-sacral wall. 

ADDENDUM 

We have omitted, in describing the lymph glands 
of cattle, the naming of one gland which is im- 
bedded in the fat and situated opposite the external 
border of the flat surface of the ilium, between the 
superior insertion of the triceps cruralis, the fleshy 
portion of the ilio-aponeuroticus, the iliac, and the 
deep gluteus muscles. Rather constant and as large 
as a hazel nut, this gland is called the ilio-crural, 
and it is situated on the course of the third vascular 
branch of the ramification of the circumflex iliac 
artery. To expose it, one must separate and raise 
the ilio-aponeuroticus muscle. 

This gland has not been found by us in the other 
species of domesticated animals. 



SECTION II 

SITUATION AND CHARACTERISTICS 
OF THESE GLANDS IN SWINE 



69 



SECTION II 

The Situation and Characteristics of these 
■ Glands in Swine. 



CHAPTER V 
Thoracic Lymph Glands 

Entrance to the Chest. The prepectoral glands 
are reduced to: 1. A single sub-tracheal glandular 
mass, ( prepecto-tracheal ) which is almost always 
taken off with the trachea at the time of the evis- 
ceration. 2. The axillary gland, very lobulated and 
very prominent, lies against the anterior border of 
the first rib, below the insertion of both the scaleni 
muscles and the open mouth of the axillary blood- 
vessels, which become divided here. 

Dorsal Region. Between the thoracic aorta and 

the dorsal vertebrae, and surrounded by a mass of 

fat, there is a chapelet of glands generally reddish 

— the dorso-aortic. Regularly distributed one by 

one, opposite the hollow of the body of each of the 

seven or eight last dorsal vertebrae, these glands are 

71 



72 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 73 



Fig. 13. 
General View of the Lymphatic Glands of Swine. 

1. Level of Popliteal Lymphatic Gland. 

2. Ischiatic. 

3. Internal and Middle Iliac. 

4. Inguinal. 

5. Pre-Crural. 

6. Circumflex Iliac. 

7. Lorso-Lumbar. 

8. Renal. 

9. Dorso-Aortic. 

10. Sub-Atloid. 

11. Sus-Sternal. 

12. Axillary. 

13. Inferior-Retro-Parotid. 

14. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 

15. Superior-Retro-Parotid. 

16. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 



74 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

about the size of a bean, the most posterior being 
generally a little the largest. 

Their great number and their development is due 
to the absence of the intercostal lymph glands and 
of the posterior mediastinum. Quite often this chain 
is removed with the aorta by the butcher when the 
lungs are removed from the thoracic cavity. 

Sternal Region. The small lymph glands de- 
scribed in cattle, and found in the lower part of each 
intercostal space, under the triangularis sterni mus- 
cle, are missing in swine. There is to be noticed only 
on each side of the sternal region the presence of a 
single pre-susternal gland, somewhat large and 
often of a reddish color and easily seen in a depres- 
sion left between the first vertebrae of the sternum 
and the cartilages of prolongation of the two first 
ribs. The thoracic artery and vein are situated 
above this gland. 

The presence of a ste? 'no-diaphragmatic gland in 
the mass of fat at the point of the pericardium is ex- 
ceptional. 

Very often there may be seen adhering to the tis- 
sue above the median line of the sternum, and oppo- 
site the first ribs, a piece of the anterior mediasti- 
num, which holds between its layers the more or 
less atrophied remains of the thymus gland. This 
organ, which is undergoing regression and is more 
or less invaded with fat, will be easily differentiated 
from the lymph glands by its flat appearance, its 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 75 

rosy yellowish color, and its softer consistency. It 
is very apparent in pigs from six to eight months old, 
which are ordinarily killed for food; while it is 
very much reduced or even resorbed in sows, and 
is apt to be entirely resorbed in males eighteen 
months old. 



CHAPTER VI 

Swine. — Lymph Glands of the Neck ane 
Head, and of the Anterior Leg. 

Lymph Glands of the Neck and Head 

The preparotid gland is less elongated in swine 
than in cattle. It forms a lobulated mass lying 
against the concavity of the posterior border of the 
lower maxillary bone, and is covered by the anterior 
margin of the parotid salivary gland. On the same 
level and against the posterior border of the same 
gland, there is another lymph gland, almost as large, 
which belongs to the retro-parotid chain, and which 
will be mentioned further on. It must not be mis- 
taken for the sub-atloid gland, which is situated 
under the wing of the atlas, in the groove formed 
by the great anterior straight muscle of the head 
and the mastoido-humeralis. This last muscle, con- 
trary to what is observed in cattle, remains entirely 
fleshy as far as its occipito-mastoid insertion, and 
separates perfectly the two organs just mentioned. 
The sub-atloid lymph gland may sometimes remain 

77 



78 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 79 



Fig. 14. 
Glands of the Neck of Swine. 

1. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 

2. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 

3. Pre-Parotid. 

4. Retro-Parotid. 

5. Retro-Parotid. 
5. Retro-Parotid. 

7. Parotid Salivary Gland. 

8. Pre-Scapular. 

9. Sub-Atloid. 

10. Sterno-Maxillary Muscle. 

11. Axillary. 

12. Pre-Sus-Sternal. 

13. Thymus. 

14. Superior-Retro-Parotid. 

15. Cervical. 



80 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

adherent to the styloid process, when the head has 
been amputated too far back. 

Generally, in swine, the retro-pharyngeal or sub- 
sphenoidal lymph gland is missing. 

Along the posterior border of the parotid salivary 
gland, which is spread on the external surface of the 
margin of the mastoido-humeralis muscle, it is not 
rare to see some lymph glands mixed with separated 
lobules of the parotid. They form the retro-parotid 
lymph chain. At any rate, it may be noticed in swine 
that the parotid salivary gland extends very far into 
the cervical region and comes in contact with that 
of the opposite side, ending in a point quite far down 
the course of the jugular vein and between the ster- 
no-mastoid and sterno-hyoidus muscles. Abpve this 
prolongation of the parotid, there is found on the 
external surface of the border of the mastoido-hu- 
meralis muscle, a large mass of lobulated or con- 
glomerated lymph glands, which has wrongly been 
considered as the middle cervical. Indeed, in other 
animals, cattle specially, these organs in small num- 
ber and of reduced size are deeply situated along the 
course of the carotid artery. In swine, almost al- 
ways along the course of the carotid artery, and of 
the internal jugular vein, and altogether on the in- 
ner face of the mastoido-humeralis muscle may be 
found one or tw T o good-sized lymph glands, which 
may be considered as representing the middle cer- 
vical glands (the deep cervical chain of man). 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 81 

All the lymph glands that have just been de- 
scribed and which form a chain along the posterior 
border of the parotid salivary gland include, then, 
the superior retro-parotid, the chain of the middle 
retro-parotid, and the inferior retro-parotid. This 
last gland, situated in front of the trochiterian emi- 
nence of the humerus, is only separated from the 
skin by an adipose covering, which is divided into 
two layers by the very thin panniculus muscle. These 
glands, which may be explored in a lean living ani- 
mal, may be considered as corresponding to those 
of the external jugular chain of man. 

To find them easily in the animal which is already 
split in two, without incision of the animal's skin, 
incise the fat, which envelops them, on the side of 
the deep layer of the cervical muscles and follow the 
inferior border of the sterno-mastoid muscle. 

At the internal face of the salivary parotid gland 
and in the neighborhood of the union of the jugular 
and glosso-facial veins, there are often one or two 
lymph glands, the sub-par otids. By their brown or 
reddish coloration, they may easily be distinguished 
from the glandular lobules of the salivary parotid. 

The maxillary lymph gland is situated against the 
inferior border of the salivary gland of the same 
name and that of the maxillary bone. It is always 
much lobulated, and its consistency is greater than 
that of the salivary gland which is near it. By 
manipulation of the region, it may be felt through 



82 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 83 



Fig. 15. 

Glands of the Head and Pelvis of Swine. 

1. Cleido-Mastoideus Muscle. 

2. Pre-Parotid Gland. 

3. Parotid Salivary Gland. 

4. Mastoido-Humeralis Muscle. 

5. Sterno Mastoideus. 

6. Maxillary Bone and its Muscles. 

7. Styloid Process. 

8. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 

9. Straight Muscle of the Head. 

10. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 

11. Panniculus of the Neck. 

12. Sterno-Hyoideus Muscle. 

13. Pharynx and Trachea. 

14. Ischiatic Lymphatic G.iuid 

15. Cotyloid Crest. 

16. Obturator Muscle. 

17. Inguinal Lymphatic Gland. 

18. Pre-Crural Lymphatic Gland. 



84 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

the fat that envelops it. It is easily enucleated from 
its capsular of lamellar connective tissue which iso- 
lates it from the fat. It may be readily distin- 
guished from the lobules of the maxillary salivary 
gland by its lobulation, which instead of being in 
polyedrical granules and easily separated, is, on the 
contrary, conglomerated into a muriform mass. 
Upon section of a decapitated head, there may be 
generally found a part of the same salivary gland 
with its lymph gland. On account of the great 
length and the position of the styloid processes, 
which look backward, the section should be made 
some distance from the concavity of the border of 
the maxillary bone, so as to leave adherent to the 
head the preparotid lymph gland and even a part of 
the salivary gland, which will have been cut in two. 

The cervical portion of the thymus gland, which 
is found in swine killed during their first year, may 
be mistaken for the deep cervical lymph glands, 
when it begins to atrophy, or when it is slashed with 
the knife after the oesophagus and trachea are taken 
off. Remains of this organ may also be found all 
along the inner face of the sterno-mastoid muscle, 
from the first rib to the styloid process. In the 
neighborhood of this eminence, an error might be 
made and it might easily be mistaken for the sub- 
atloid lymph gland, which, however, is firm and well 
tabulated. 

It may also be the same for the thyroid body, 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 85 

which, because of its reddish aspect, could be mis- 
taken for reddish lymph glands of the entrance of 
the chest. It is known that, on account of the ex- 
ceptional elongation of the larynx of swine, the 
thyroid body, lying against the first rings of the 
trachea, extends down the neck as far as a little 
below the scapulo-humeral articulation. On account 
of its slight adherence to the trachea and on account* 
of its navicular form, this organ escapes the action 
of the butcher's knife when the thoracic organs are 
removed, and it then remains entire or in pieces at- 
tached to the deep muscles of the neck, and at a 
short distance from the axillary lymph gland. On 
section, these organs will be easily differentiated by 
their different color. 

Lymph Glands of the Anterior Leg 

Below the scapulo-humeral articulation, and close 
to the common tendon of insertion of the adductor 
of the arm and of the great dorsal muscle, there can 
be found a few lymph granulations representing the 
tracheal or sub-scapular gland in cattle. The sus- 
epitrochlear lymph gland is wanting in swine. 

In front of the shoulder, on the fleshy portion of 
the antea-spinatus muscle, and a little above the 
scapulo-humeral joint, is found, surrounded by fat, 
the pre-scapular lymph gland, voluminous in size 
and formed into a well-defined lobulated mass. The 



86 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

superior border of the panniculus of the neck is on 
its level, and, as the anterior border of the trapezius 
muscle does not reach very low down on the neck, 
the lymph gland lying on the splenius muscle is 
found situated, with its fatty envelop, immediately 
under the skin. On account of the short length of 
the cervical region in swine, this gland is situated 
a short distance from the posterior border of the 
parotid salivary gland and its lymph glands. 



CHAPTER VII 

Swine. — Lymph Glands of the Abdominal 
Wall, Pelvic Cavity and of the Posterior Leg. 

Sub-Lumbar Region. Opposite the hilus of each 
kidney, and at the origin and insertion of the aorta 
and vena cava, of the transverse renal blood-vessels 
of the loins, there is a group of three or four rather 
large lymph glands. 

Under the loins, there are two lumbo-aortic gland- 
ular chains, arranged along the aorta and the vena 
cava and extending backwards as far as the iliac 
ramifications of those blood-vessels. Below and a 
little in front of this part, there is a group of five 
or six sub-lumbar glands a little larger than those 
in the lumbo-aortic chains, and irregularly ar- 
ranged. 

Iliac Region. The iliac lymph glands are distrib- 
uted in the same manner as in cattle. Sometimes, 
on account of their lobulated structure, they are 
separated into secondary glands. 

In the angle formed by the two internal iliac ar- 
teries, there is found one or two small glands, the 
middle iliacs. The internal iliac gland is rather 

large. The external is also large. Below the angle 

87 



88 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

of the haunch, there is also, in front of the bifurca- 
tion of the circumflex iliac artery, a rather large 
lymph gland, the circumflex iliac. In swine, this 
gland is very near the external iliac gland, on ac- 
count of the vertical direction and of the small width 
of the plates of the ilium. The point of the haunch 
and the lymph gland underneath are thus brought 
closer to the median line. 

Femoral Region. In swine, a precrural lymph 
gland is found, large and well lobulated, situated, as 
in cattle, adjacent to a mass of fat that lies against 
the abdominal wall, likewise against the triceps cru- 
ralis muscle. It is sometimes situated a little higher 
up than in bovines. To expose it, in the sow, after 
removing the fat, divide the abdominal muscles, fol- 
lowing a vertical line extending from the middle of 
the last lumbar vertebra to the second teat, when 
it will be met at about the height of the place where 
the prepubic tendon passes between the muscles of 
the flat of the thigh to go, and be inserted in spread- 
ing under the ischio-pubic symphysis. 

On the course of the external pudic artery, and 
below the funicular part of the prepubic tendon, 
there is the superficial inguinal lymph gland, form- 
ing a much lobulated mass, sometimes partially di- 
vided and situated in the middle of the fat of the 
groin, from which it can be isolated by an incision 
running from the anterior border of the pubis to 
reach the last teat. If this has been scraped when 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 89 

the animal was dressed, the incision will have to be 
extended to the anterior border of internal straight 
muscle. 

It is exceptional to find on a level with the triangle 
of Scarpa, lymphatic granules representing the deep 
inguinal gland. 

Tibial Region. The popliteal gland, which is 
about as big as a pea, instead of being deeply situ- 
ated between the gemini of the leg and the anterior 
border of the semitendinosus muscle, as in cattle, is 
located much lower down, and almost under the 
skin, in the space left between the semitendinosus 
and the biceps cruralis. To expose it, one will make, 
along the external border of the tendo achillis, a 
longitudinal, cutaneous incision, a little oblique, 
from outwards inwards, so as to show the external 
saphena vein; then, following this blood-vessel as 
far down as the point where it enters the space of 
the two muscles above mentioned, the gland will 
then be found embedded in the fat. Before making 
this dissection, one may also detect it in the small 
longitudinal depression known as the popliteal 
space. But a little practice will be necessary even 
then, to enable one to succeed in finding the gland 
by palpation. 

The presence sometimes of very small glands has 
been mentioned found in front of the tendo achillis 
and back of the articulation. They are, however, 
seldom present. 



90 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

Pelvic Region. Let me mention, first, below each 
sacral articulation with the coxae, the presence of 
a lateral sub-sacral gland, which is often removed 
with the genital organs and the rectum. 

The ischiatic gland is not situated exactly oppo- 
site the small sciatic notch, as in cattle; it is much 
more forward. The anatomical data given to find 
this gland in cattle are no longer the same. The in- 
ternal iliac artery, instead of continuing to lie 
against the internal wall of the pelvic cavity, comes 
out through the great sciatic notch to run on the 
external face of the sacro-sciatic ligament, along 
the sus-cotyloid crest; it afterwards enters by the 
small sciatic notch to ramify further on, through its 
branches, the genital organs and the rectum. The 
ischiatic lymph gland, sometimes double, is found on 
the external course of the blood-vessel. To expose 
it, incise first the internal obturator muscle, which, 
in swine, extends over the sacro-sciatic ligament and 
covers it as far as the sacrum, then divide the liga- 
ment along its insertion on the sus-cotyloid crest, 
which in pigs is very high and convex. The gland 
will be seen opposite the first or the second vertebrae 
and lying against the artery, a little back of the sum- 
mit of the sus-cotyloid crest, which in pigs is very 
high and convex. The absence of this gland is fre- 
quent in swine. 

Round the anus, the anal glands are found. 



CHAPTER VIII 
Visceral Lymph Glands 

Lungs. Often, when the pectoral viscera are 
taken from this cavity, the thoracic aorta is at the 
same time pulled out entire and remains adherent to 
the lung and to the oesophagus through the presence 
of the posterior mediastinum. The sub-vertebral 
fatty cord, which surrounds the dorso-aortic lymph 
glands, remains attached to the artery. 

In swine, contrary to what is done when with- 
drawing the thoracic viscera from cattle, the oesoph- 
agus is cut off near the cardia, when the eviscera- 
tion is done, and remains attached to the mass 
formed by the lung, aorta, heart and trachea. 
Therefore it is easy to study all the lymph glands 
of the thoracic organs in their normal relations. 
• The oesophageal gland of the posterior medias- 
tinum is wanting in swine. The pretracheo-bron- 
chial of the left lung is well developed. Immediately 
in front of it, and above the recurrent nerve, be- 
tween the trachea, the cross of the aorta and the 
cesophagus, there is found another elongated large 

91 



92 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 93 



Fig. 16. 
Lungs and Liver of Swine. 

1. Pre-Tracheo Bronchial Gland. 

2. Tracheal Gland of R. Lobe. 

3. Sus-Tracheal Lymphatic Granulations. 

4. Pre-Tracheo Bronchial Gland. 

5. Tracheo-CEsophageal Gland. 

6. Inter-Tracheo Bronchial Gland. 

7. Dorso-Aortic Gland. 

8. Lymphatic Glands of the Hilus of the Liver. 



94 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

gland, the tracheo-oesophageal. In the angle formed 
by the tracheal bifurcation, there is also one inter - 
tr ache o -bronchial gland, fairly large. The anterior 
lobe of the right lung is, as in cattle, provided with 
a special bronchus, fixed alone on the trachea, and 
provided with two lymph glands situated at its in- 
sertion, one below the end of the bronchus, near the 
point of the entrance of the pulmonary blood-ves- 
sels, and the other forward on the summit of the 
tracheo-bronchial angle. 

The middle lobe of the right lung seems- to 
form body with the tracheal, although it only lies 
on it as well as on the diaphragmatic lobe. It is pro- 
vided with a bronchus, distinct from that of the 
other lobes, and in the angle that this forms with 
the trachea, there is a large interlobular gland, 
which is exposed by cutting off the margin of the 
lung as it adheres to the right side of the trachea. 
Finally, between the anterior lobes of the lungs, 
there is, on the median line of the superior face 
of the trachea, a chain of elongated lymphatic gran- 
ules. Often, also, below and on the right of the 
middle part of the trachea, there is a prepectoral 
gland which has been left adhering. 

The intra- pulmonary glands of the diaphragmatic 
lobes are not very apparent in swine. 

Liver. It is rare to find lymph glands adhering 
to the liver of swine, because the pancreas has in 
this animal no continuity with the liver, and the 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 95 

pancreatic glands, in relation with the fissure of the 
portal vein, cannot be seen as they can 'in cattle. 
Those which belong to the organ itself are two or 
three in number, and are usually situated on the 
vascular peduncle of the hilus of the organ. This 
cord, being generally cut through by the eviscerator 
close to its insertion, the hepatic lymph glands are 
rarely found in their position by the veterinary in- 
spector. To find them, one must look in the neigh- 
borhood of those of the pancreas. 

Pancreas and Stomach. In swine, the pancreas 
is situated above the small curvature of the stomach 
a little back of the cardia. Attached to this viscus 
by the small omentum, it is by one of its extremities 
(the tail of the pancreas) adherent to the large curv- 
ature of the stomach, and by the other (the head 
of the pancreas) to the pylorus and the duodenum. 
This organ presents, near its head, a mass of three 
or four large glands, which are laid on the right 
cul de sac of the stomach. These are the pancreatic 
lymph glands having near them the hepatic glands. 

Under the other extremity of the pancreas and 
below the lower portion of the small curvature of 
the stomach, where the gastric artery bifurcates, 
there are two or three glands, somewhat volumi- 
nous. They are the gastric. 

Spleen. There exist two or three small glands, 
called splenic, arranged in the neighborhood of the 
tail of the pancreas and along the cord formed by 



96 



LYMPHATIC GLANDS 




IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 97 



Fig. 17. 
Lymphatic Glands — Abdominal Viscera of Swine. 

1. Gland of Small Intestines. 

2. Coecal Gland. 

3. Pancreatic Gland. 

4. Gland of Small Curvature. 

5. Pancreas. 



98 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

the blood-vessels which run into the spleen, be- 
tween the folds of the meso-splenic ligament. 

Intestines. All along the collecting vessel of the 
vascular apparatus of the small intestine and on 
each side of this, there is found, under the serous 
membrane, a long sinuous glandular chain, appear- 
ing to form a single chain with that of the opposite 
face. That of the left face is broken up in close 
chapelet, while the right forms a continuous band. 
While in cattle those lymph glands form a curve, 
situated a short distance from the insertion of the 
mesentery or the intestine, in swine, on the contrary, 
because of the greater extent of the vascular arches, 
these chains of lymph glands are closer to the center 
of the mesentery. Towards the extremities of the 
jejunum and opposite the duodenum and the ileum, 
these mesenteric lymph glands are dissociated and 
increasingly further apart. 

Along the caecum and in the neighborhood of the 
ileo-csecal valve, there will be found, as in cattle, 
groups of fairly large glands. They are easily de- 
tected when one looks toward the end of the ileum. 

To expose the glandular chain of the large colon 
in swine, the peritoneum and fat around the helicoid 
twists of the organ must be first lacerated, beginning 
with the most central. Then, by slight pullings, the 
colic loop in its entirety- will be unrolled. The two 
branches of the colic artery, with their numerous 
branches, will then be stretched, and, alongside their 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 99 

course, a chain of numerous glands, specially well 
developed near the great mesenteric artery, will be 
found. 

Along the small mesenteric artery, and at the 
point of insertion of the mesentery on the colon and 
rectum, a glandular chain, similar to that of cattle, 
will be seen because it is readily apparent. 



SECTION III 

SITUATION AND CHARACTERISTICS 

OF THESE GLANDS IN SHEEP 

AND IN THE HORSE 



101 



SECTION III 

The Situation and Characteristics of these 
Glands in Sheep and in the Horse. 



CHAPTER IX 

Sheep. — General Remarks and Some Partic- 
ulars. 

The lymph glands in sheep are exactly the same 
as those mentioned in cattle. The deep inguinal 
gland is often found, and is situated under the peri- 
toneum on a level with the superior opening of the 
inguinal canal, near the posterior abdominal artery. 
The anal, ischiatic and iliac glands are quite large 
and those of the sub-lumbar chain are almost all 
hematic. The dorso-aortic are well developed and 
are found in great number, while the intercostals 
are seldom observed. 

The prcsusternals are voluminous and the sus- 
sternals are represented rarely by granules. 

The lymph glands of the cervical region, the head 
and viscera present nothing in particular. 



103 



CHAPTER X 

Lymphatic Glands in the Horse. Thoracic 
Lymph Glands. Visceral Lymph Glands. 

In the horse the lymph glands are noticeable be- 
cause of their condition of dissociation and their 
color, which is generally of a reddish tint. There 
are many differences from the disposition noticed 
in cattle and swine. 

Thoracic Lymph Glands 

The axillary form, against the anterior border 
of the first rib and below the scalenus muscle, a 
large glandular mass, much lobulated and even 
partly dissociated. The internal prepectorals are 
always removed with the trachea. 

The presusternal is missing and those described 
in cattle as lying under the triangularis sterni mus- 
cle, are rarely seen, or, if seen, found to be reduced 
to exceedingly small granules. The same is true of 

the stemo-pericardial gland. 

105 



106 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

Lymph Glands of the Head and Neck 

The preparotid gland is much reduced in size, 
and, instead of overlapping the salivary parotid in 
front, as in cattle, it is located in a fissure in the deep 
face of that gland, close to the auditory canal. 

The maxillary or sub-glossal gland forms an 
elongated mass, divided into four or five lobules, 
contiguous with and lying under the tongue near 
the median line. 

On account of the presence of the guttural 
pouches in horses, the retro-pharyngeal and sub- 
atloid lymph glands are pushed back below the phar- 
yngeal region so as to form a more or less volumi- 
nous mass of lymph glands lying against the lateral 
walls of the lower part of the pharynx, and under 
.the carotid division. 

Under the deepest part of the region of the jug- 
ular groove and along the carotid artery, there may 
be seen, in link formation, a few lymph granules, 
which increase in size towards the posterior ex- 
tremity of the salivary parotid and opposite the 
bifurcation of the jugular, which are called the mid- 
dle cervical glands. 

Lymph Glands of the Anterior Extremity 

Inside the omo-trachelian muscle, there may be 
seen a prescapular gland, less developed than in cat- 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 107 

tie, yet forming a tabulated mass. The hematic 
glandular chain of the anterior border of the shoul- 
der, which has been described in cattle and which is 
found in that species along the ascending branch of 
the inferior cervical artery, is rarely observed in 
the horse. 

The subscapular gland is small. In horses, there 
may be found inside the inferior extremity of the 
humerus three or four large, tabulated glands, 
named the sus-epitrochlear. 

Lymph Glands of the Abdominal Wall and 
the Posterior Extremity 

There is also in the horse a renal gland opposite 
the hilus of each kidney. The lumbo-aortic glands 
form a chain of lobules spread on each side of the 
aorta. 

In front of the aortic quadrifurcation, the glands 
of the sub-lumbar chain become very large. There 
is also a median and an internal iliac gland in the 
same situation as in cattle. The external iliac gland 
is quite large and, instead of being located the same 
distance from the confluence of the pelvic crural 
blood-vessels, it is, on the contrary, close to it and 
almost united with the sub-lumbar chain of lym- 
phatic glands. 

In place of a single circumflex iliac gland, we find 
in the horse two glands. One is in the fork of the 



108 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

two terminal branches of the blood-vessels of that 
name, and the other is more forward. 

There is no gland on the external surface of the 
hollow of the flank. 

The precrural gland is smaller than in cattle and 
composed of four or five conglomerated granules. 

In the neighborhood of the external inguinal ring, 
the superficial inguinal gland is found formed of 
from six to eight lobules. 

Below the pelvic border, and under the crural 
arch, a group of seven or eight lymph glands, quite 
large, is seen almost entirely covering the surface 
of Scarpa's triangle. They are the deep inguinal 
lymph glands. 

There is no ischiatic gland in the horse, and the 
popliteal gland is divided into two or three lobules 
which occupy the same position as the single gland 
does in cattle. 



Visceral Lymph Glands 

The stomach, on a level with the small curature, 
has two or three well developed glands and there 
are a number of granules along the insertion of the 
omentum. 

The small intestines have a chain of mesenteric 
glands, formed into about thirty groups, quite large, 
and near the ramifications of the great mesenteric 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 109 

artery. Along the csecal, ileo-csecal and colic ar- 
teries, long chapelets of small glands may be found. 

The small colon and rectum of the horse have 
also a glandular chain as is the case in cattle and 
pigs. Round the anus, anal glands may also be 
detected. 

The liver and pancreas have lymph glands which 
are mixed in a single mass along the course of the 
portal vein and in proximity to the hilus. 

The spleen has, in its groove, a certain number 
of small granules. 

The lungs show the pretracheo-bronchial and in- 
tertracheo-bronchial glands. Between the anterior 
aorta, the trachea and the oesophagus, may be no- 
ticed the presence of a group of large glands, named 
the anterior oesophageal. In the posterior medias- 
tinum, and along the oesophagus, are found some 
rudimentary granules, which would be the posterior 
oesophageal lymph glands. 



PART II 

THE NORMAL APPEARANCE OF 

LYMPHATIC GLANDS IN 

MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 

AND 

PATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS 
OCCURRING IN THEM 



in 



SECTION IV 

THE NORMAL APPEARANCE OF THESE 
GLANDS AND THEIR PRODUCTS 



113 



PART II 

NORMAL APPEARANCE OF LYMPHATIC 

GLANDS IN MEAT-PRODUCING 

ANIMALS 



SECTION IV 

The Normal Appearance of these Glands and 
their Products. 



CHAPTER XI 

The Histological Characteristics of Nor- 
mal Lymphatic Glands. 

Before considering the pathological alterations 
that occur in the lymphatic glands, we shall, in a 
summary manner, glance at the normal characters 
of these organs, with, moreover, the variations of 
structure which they may offer, according to the 
species, the age of the animals, and some of the phy- 
siological conditions. 

The single elementary lymphatic gland is com- 
posed of a nodule of homogeneous substance made 

up of cells (leucocytes) heaped against each other 

115 



116 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

between the flexuous and anastomotic meshes of a 
network, which is the entrance of the lymphatic 
capillaries. The closed follicles, isolated or col- 
lected as in Peyer's patches, which are seen in the 
intestinal mucous membrane, are analogous to those 
single glands. 

In the glands more perfectly developed, the rami- 
fications of the lymphatic capillaries enter the gland- 
ular substance, dividing it into irregular or rounded 
segments, called follicles. The organ is thus formed 
of a mass of elementary glandioles, more or less 
regularly conglomerated. 

If, under low power, a section of one of these 
compound glands is examined microscopically, a 
conjunctive capsule is observed on the periphery, 
enveloping the mass of the lymphoid bodies and 
sending from its inner face, and toward the center 
of the organs, more or less numerous septa, limiting 
the masses of follicles on the external surface. The 
presence of these septa is indicated by fissures, 
which give to the envelop a bosselated or roughened 
appearance. 

Inside the capsule, there is a cortical layer of are- 
olar tissue, made of cellulo-fibrous trabeculse, which 
is stretched between the septa and the capsula and 
which serves as a support to the lymphoid follicles. 
The empty spaces left between the septa, the cap- 
sula and the follicular masses, form the cavernous 
sinuses. 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 117 

In the medullary portion of the gland, the lym- 
phoid follicles of the cortical layer may be seen 
tapering off to form the follicular cords. The pro- 
longed cavernous sinuses, which separate them, 
widen and unite to give rise to the efferent collectors. 

While some follicles offer an homogenous aspect 
and are filled with packed leucocytes, others pre- 
sent, in the center, a white spot, due to the existence 
of a fine reticulum surrounding great clear cells 
(great mononuclear), provided with one single 
large nucleus, enclosed in a reduced basophilous 
plasma. These collections of great follicular leuco- 
cytes are in constellation with a great number of 
cells in process of karyokinesis. For this reason, 
Flemming has given to the clear part of the follicle 
the name of germinative center. m 

To the naked eye, the rounded masses of follicular 
substance appear to have the aspect of firm pulpous 
surfaces, a little elevated on account of their tur- 
gescence, because they allow an abundant lactescent 
juice to escape on pressure. The medullary zone, 
on the contrary, has a bistre tint and permits a 
clearer liquid to escape. 

On a level with the hilus, the capsule inflects itself 
so as to dip into the organ, resting upon itself and 
forming a fibrous expansion, nacreous in aspect, 
called the Albuginia stroma of the kilns. This sys- 
tem, which serves as a support to the blood-vessels, 
becomes fringed to unite with the septa, before men- 



118 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

tioned. The fibres of the divisions of the reticulated 
tissue separate easily from those of the septa. The 
blood-vessels of the septa are distributed in a fine 
capillary network among the follicular masses. 



CHAPTER XII . 

The White Globules or Leucocytes. 

The white globules, or leucocytes, found in the 
lymphoid gatherings, are of several kinds. They 
vary according to the aspect of their nucleus, the 
homogeneity of their protoplasm and the tinctorial 
affinities of some granulations that may be enclosed. 
The analysis of these elective properties for color- 
ing has permitted Ehrlich to establish a classifica- 
tion of leucocytes. Considering the anilin coloring 
matters as salts, this bacteriologist has designated 
under the name of acid, or basic colors, those leu- 
cocytes the coloring action of which is due to the 
acid or the base, and under the term of neutral those 
effect of which can be attributed to both the base 
and the acid. 

1. Acid colors: Eosin, Orange, Fuchsin. 

2. Basic colors: Blue of Methyl, of Unna, 
Green of methyl. 

3. Neutral colors: Ehrlich's mixture (green of 
methyl, orange, and fuchsin). 



120 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

The leucocytic cells are called acidophilous, ba- 
sophilous, or neutrophilous, according to their pro- 
perties: if they take acid or basic colors indiffer- 
ently, they are called amphophilous. 

They have been classified as follows: 

1. Small mononuclear or lymphocytes. These 
have about the dimension of hematics*, from five to 
eight jx The protoplasm is not granulous and not 
abundant, slightly basophilous, with the nucleus rel- 
atively large and with weak tinctorial affinity. These 
are seen in the blood (22 to 25 per cent of white 
corpuscles), where they are very numerous, and in 
the lymphatic organs. In the glands they are uni- 
formly scattered, while they are rare in the con- 
nective tissue. They develop in the middle of the 
lymphatic glands and the follicles of the spleen. 
They are generally considered as young elements, 
although some authors take them to be degenerated 
leucocytes with reduced protoplasm. In some path- 
ologic circumstances they may carry neutrophilous 
granulations. They are not phagocytes. 

2. Large mononuclear. These are large cells, 
being fifteen to twenty W. (/. e. y microns) in diam- 
eter and more or less oval, with excentrical nucleus. 
The protoplasm is not granular, has little coloring 
matter, and is less basophilous than the nucleus. 
The large mononuclear cells are very phagocytic 
(macrophage leucocytes of Metshnikoff) . They are 
rare in the blood (one to four per cent of white 






IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 121 

corpuscles), abundant in lymph, and specially nu- 
merous in lymphatic glands. They increase in leu- 
cemia. 

3. Poly nuclear with Neutrophilous Grains. The 
diameter is from ten to fourteen W. They have a 
distorted polymorphous nucleus, constituted by 
three or four nuclear masses, easily colored and 
united by more or less delicate threads. The proto- 
plasm is sprinkled with neutrophilous granulations. 
They have powerful phagocytic properties and form 
the greater part of the leucocytes of the blood (70 
to 75 per cent of the number of white corpuscles). 
They are rare in the glands and spleen but are fre- 
quently found in the marrow of bone. Their num- 
ber increases in the glands during infection. 

4. Polynuclear with Acidophilus Grains. These 
are a little larger than the preceding, eight to ten W, 
with a baggy nucleus, they are generally formed by 
nuclear masses with little coloring matter, and are 
united by one thread. They contain protoplasmic 
granulations which color strongly with acid colors 
(eosin, . rubin). Small phagocytic properties are 
noticeable. They are rare in the blood (two to four 
per cent of white corpuscles), but are frequently 
seen in lymphatic organs. 

They are principally numerous in the lymphatic 
glands at the origin of the follicular threads. In 
general, the eosinophilous cells disappear during the 
course of acute diseases. 



122 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

Eosinophily is marked in intoxications, after in- 
jections of tuberculin, in helminthiases, and it is 
sometimes very severe in lucemia. 

5. Basophilous-polynuclear. (Mastzellen.) The 
dimensions are from eight to twelve ft They have 
an irregular polymorphous nucleus, colored by the 
polychromatous blue of Unna. The protoplasmic 
granulations take the Gram and the Ziehl stain, but 
discolor with carbonate of potass, while the mi- 
crobes do not. They are rare in lymphatic glands. 

Granular leucocytes arise in the bony marrow, 
and on that account are called myelocytes in their 
young state. The nucleus is single, round, and sit- 
uated in the center of the protoplasm, and when ma- 
ture, it becomes polymorphous and the leucocyte, 
reduced in size, leaves the bony marrow to enter 
the circulatory current. 

Normal blood contains adult granular leucocytes 
in constant proportion; the relative number of the 
various species varies according to the age of the 
animals. The blood of old subjects contains more 
polynuclear cells, while that of young animals is 
richer in lymphocytes. 

The leucocytic formula of the blood of young 
subjects is characterized by lymphocytosis. The 
proportion of lymphocytes and mononuclear leuco- 
cytes is from 50 to 70 per cent, and the remaining 
blood is represented by SO to 30 per cent of polynu- 
clear leucocytes. In adult animals the polynuclear 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 123 

cells are, on the contrary, in majority. By these lig- 
ures one may judge the creative activity of the 
glands during youth, since the lymphocytes and mo- 
nonuclear leucocytes alone proceed from the lym- 
phatic glands, while the others come from the spleen 
and the marrow of bones. 

Most infectious fevers are accompanied by neu- 
trophilous leucocytosis, and the quantity of eosin- 
iles diminishes and may be altogether absent. When 
the temperature becomes normal again, the eosi- 
nophils reappear in the blood. Eosinophily is also 
observed in parasitic and cutaneous diseases. 

Mononuclear leucocytosis is especially to be ob- 
served in palustral infections. 



CHAPTER XIII 

Variations in Structure of Normal Lym- 
phatic Glands and the Reasons for them. 

Varieties of Structure. In young animals, upon 
sections of the glands, the spaces occupied by the 
lymphoid surfaces are greater than those upon the 
browner, medullar, cavernous zona, and in old ani- 
mals the lymphoid zona becomes so rarefied that it 
only appears as a thin peripheric band. At any rate, 
the leucocyto genesis is considerably reduced in the 
germinative centers. 

In swine,, the lymphoid follicles, instead of being 
of small dimensions and grouping themselves in 
peripheric sheaths, gather in voluminous spheroids, 
irregularly distributed in the organs and separated 
from each other and from the capsule by thick septa 
of cavernous tissue. The capsule, depressed by 
grooves, sends out deep septa which divide the 
organ and give it a marked glomerulated aspect. 
In horses, the lobulation is carried to extreme and 
then the organ is dissociated into groups of small 
glands. The same condition exists in man. 



126 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

In some regions of the body, small glands may 
be observed which are blood-red in color and have 
been named hemo -lymphatic , or hematic glands. 
Some authors (Seydig, Gibbes, Robertson, Clark- 
son, Scott, War thin, Morandi, and Pietro Sixto) 
believe that these organs contribute to hematopoie- 
sis. Their action resembles that of the spleen, and 
Forgeot has demonstrated, moreover, that in rumi- 
nants the glands are not only leucopoietic centers 
but that they can also contribute to the formation of 
hematids. 

In cattle, these organs can be found in the hilus 
of rather large glands, and some, with spherical or 
discoid form, have been found under the skin. We 
must mention, moreover, those situated at the dor- 
sal angle of the shoulder, in the hollow of the flank, 
just below the point of the hip, and on the surface 
of the ilio-aponeuroticus muscle, along both the an- 
terior border of the shoulder and of the sub-lumbar 
aorta, especially in sheep. 

On section of these small glands, notwithstanding 
the very dark coloration of their pulp, a subcap- 
sular zona is observed, formed of follicles of pur- 
plish color, and distinguishable with difficulty from 
the surrounding tissue, which is a little redder in 
color. Microscopical examination with low power 
is sufficient to make out their structure. 

Often, in adult animals, some of those hematic 
glands lose their reddish coloration to take on ex- 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 127 

actly the characters belonging to the ordinary 
glands and then the great hematopoietic action of 
these organs can be reduced. 

In swine, it is rare to meet hematic glands, but 
upon some lymphatic glands (ilio-pelvic, dorso- 
aortic, prepectoral and preparotid) the cavernous 
zona under the capsule often takes on a dark red 
color, which extends more or less within the inter- 
follicular septa and gives to a section of the gland 
a peculiar dappled coloration comparable to that of 
a nutmeg. 

It is important to note the difference in the char- 
acteristics of the lymphatic and hematic glands, as 
it permits one to avoid the error of taking as patho- 
logical the bloody coloration which characterizes the 
special physiological action of some of these organs. 



SECTION V 

PATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS 

OCCURRING IN LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

OF MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 



129 



SECTION V 

Pathological Alterations occurring in Lym- 
phatic Glands of Meat-producing Animals. 



CHAPTER XIV 

Glandular Alterations during Acute 
Febrile Diseases; Sclerosis; Lymphadenia; 
Tumor Formation; Emphysema. 

Acute Diseases. When, under the influence of 
acute diseases, circulatory troubles give rise to con- 
gestions in the visceral organs or the surrounding 
peripheric capillary network, the lymphatic glands 
partake also of these congestive ejects. It may 
even be said that in the slightest febrile states their 
tissue is the seat of a noticeable hyperemia. 

Instead of showing, upon a section, the clear color 
that is proper to them when they are bloodless, they 
present, especially on a level with the medullary por- 
tion, a coloration which varies from a slight rosy 
tint to that of red wine, which is either uniformly 
spread over the surface of the section or mottles it 
with more or less defined coloration of varying ex- 

1.31 



132 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

tent. If, in consequence of a greater severity of the 
disease, the hyperemia is even more marked, the 
coloration then spreads to the cortical portion of the 
gland, and the peripheric suh-capsular sinuses and 
the perifollicular also show often a manifest hem- 
orrhagic pricked appearance, and the lymphoid 
plates may even become partially injected. At the 
same time, the glandular lymph becomes more abun- 
dant and fills to excess the various portions of the 
organ, especially those of the center. The gland 
then becomes enormous and turgid. 

When histologically examined, this pathological 
condition of the gland is indicated by a great injec- 
tion of the capillaries, with active diapedesis of the 
hematids, especially on the level of the cavernous 
perifollicular sinuses. There may also be a rupture 
of the capillaries with production of hemorrhagic 
centers. At the same time, one may find in the 
glandular tissue a great quantity of polynuclear leu- 
cocytes with neutrophilous grains which ordinarily 
exist only in the blood. 

The inflammatory congestive state is often ac- 
companied by an obstruction of the lymphatic ca- 
nals, caused by precipitation of fibrin, when the 
organ becomes hard and on section shows yellowish 
stringy exudates. The follicles also become hyper- 
trophied, but they are never invaded with polynu- 
clear leucocytes. Complete disparition of eosinoph- 
ilous leucocytes is at the same time observed. 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 133 

In animals destroyed during the course of acute 
diseases, the prescapular glands are the first that 
show especially, and with the greatest severity, the 
congestive effects of the febrile reaction. For this 
reason they are the most advantageously examined 
whenever meats look suspicious in their general ap- 
pearance. The capillary network of fat which sur- 
rounds them undergoes, likewise, to a very great de- 
gree, the effects of the circulatory stasis. It must 
also be remembered that in animals that have re- 
mained lying down during their sickness, the hypo- 
stasis and the difficulty of the returning circulation, 
contribute to some extent to the degree of intensity 
of the bloody affection of the organs under consid- 
eration. The iliac and popliteal glands may give 
similar indications of circulatory changes, although 
less marked in degree. In leucemia the glands may 
also often show a reddish prickled (petechiated) 
appearance and a certain degree of follicular hy- 
pertrophy. In these cases, the surrounding fat of 
the prescapular gland remains bloodless. 

In sick swine, the follicles of the glands with 
the hematic capsules are intensely congested. These 
organs are of a reddish tint on the entire surface of 
a section. In the same animal the maxillary lym- 
phatic gland may be examined with advantage, as it 
generally presents a greatly marked hyperemic state 
during acute diseases. 

Sclerosis. In severe adenitis, the lymphatic 



134 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

glands may be invaded with fibrous tissue. In aged 
male and female pigs, the glands of the head, and 
specially those of the parotid, are frequently the seat 
of well-marked sclerosis. The diseased organs are 
hard, knotty and on section they have a yellowish, 
gray aspect, while their atrophied, lymphoid fol- 
licles are changed into a more or less dense fibrous 
tissue. These lesions may be attributed to the local 
infections to which animals are exposed by the bites 
they inflict upon each other (erysipeloid of the au- 
ricular concha). They may also be caused by in- 
flammations of the pharyngeal mucosa. 

Lymphadenia. The lymphogenous diathesis gives 
rise in animals, specially in bovines, to large gland- 
ular hypertrophies, the aspect of which differenti- 
ates them well from neoplastic or tuberculous al- 
terations. 

Instead of being bosselated, the glands keep their 
original form, and on section they appear, gen- 
erally, of a white or a little grayish tint, at times 
partly colored with spots of red wine hue, more or 
less altered (rapid hypertrophy). They are soft in 
consistency, and a milky fluid escapes from the cut 
surface. The structure is homogeneous, and in no 
part are lesions observed indicating the slightest 
progress of regression of the cellular elements. 
There is indeed no indurated, nor softened, puru- 
lent, or caseous center. With the microscope, one 
observes that the hyperplasia is due to the enormous 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 135 

development of the follicles; and that the adenoid 
tissue undergoing intense proliferation is the only- 
cause of the increase in size. 

Most of the glands of diseased animals are al- 
tered at the same time. 

Tumors. Sarcomata and epitheliomata are among 
the neoplasms that may invade lymphatic glands. 

In cattle, sarcomatous lesions are frequently ob- 
served, being sometimes those of the encephaloid 
variety, or glob o- cellular with round cells, and at 
other times of the fasciculated type with fusiform 
cells. The glandular lesions of the globo-cellular 
sarcoma generally co-exist with other products of 
miliary aspect and are soft, grayish, simulating tu- 
berculosis at first sight, and disseminated in the sub- 
cutaneous and intermuscular connective tissues. 
They may spread also into sheaths, adhering well 
to the surface of the serous membranes under the 
form of grayish vegetation, and not calcified nor 
caseated. 

In a horse affected with melano-sarcomatosis , the 
lymphatic glands are generally partly affected with 
neoplastic growths; they are increased in size, and 
have on their surface a stale, gray coloration with 
more or less dark reflections. On section, these neo- 
plasms have a color which varies from dark gray 
to sepia or black. They are hard, resistant, and 
rough under a sharp instrument. With the micro- 
scope, there may be noticed the presence of fasciculi 



136 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

of fusiform cells, arranged irregularly in the center 
of an amorphous substance. These cells, starred 
with thin prolongations, are multiple or fusiform 
and more or less filled with black, spherical corpus- 
cles, which fill completely the most diseased cells. 
Their nucleus finally disappears, and, later, as the 
cells become old and pigmented, they have a ten- 
dency to assume the spherical form. 

Melanin is a pigment of the same nature as that 
which is found in the cells of the mucous bodies of 
the Malpighian layer; that is, the colored part of 
the skin of animals; also in the fibrous membrane 
of the choroid, and sometimes in the pia mater. 
This pigment contains sulphur, carbon, hydrogen 
and nitrogen. Some authors claim that this sub- 
stance is derived from hemoglobin, and others that 
it has an autochthonous cellular origin. 

Pigmentation. Lymphatic glands may be colored 
black not only by a heterotropic deposit of melanin, 
but also by pigments of hematogenous origin or by 
the penetration of particles of coal. 

In visceral congestions, the coloring matter of the 
blood, as an extravasate of the capillaries, may give 
rise to deposits of granulations, pigmented in a 
more or less dark red or black color. In intermit- 
tent fevers of man, the infiltration of some viscera 
(liver, lungs) with a similar pigment has been ob- 
served, due to the excessive destruction of the red 
globules in the spleen, after repeated congestion and 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 137 

because of extravasate being absorbed from that 
organ (melanemia). 

In some cases, the black coloration of the pre- 
bronchial lymphatic glands may have been caused 
by the repeated congestions of both the bronchi and 
the lungs that animals have in cases of bronchitis 
and pneumonia. 

Rebsamen has written an important work on this 
subject. 

The thoracic visceral glands may also be partly 
pigmented by the penetration of particles of coal, 
introduced into the respiratory tract. The pigment- 
ary particles are generally accumulated at the level 
of the interfollicular sinuses and form on the peri- 
phery of the gland a more or less black, festooned 
border. Oesterlein, Robin, Villaret, Kleimann, Cal- 
mette, Vansteenberghe, and Grisez say that anthra- 
cosis of the lung and of its glands is, above all, of 
intestinal origin. Contradictory experiments made 
by Mironesco, Schnlts, Remlinger, Herman, H. 
Colin, Kitss, and Lobstein, Basset, Arloing and For- 
geot have, on the contrary, demonstrated that physi- 
ological pulmonary anthracosis has its origin in the 
entrance of dust into the lungs alone, and that the 
permeability into the intestines is too slight to per- 
mit notable quantities of particles to pass. 

A commission, appointed by the Society of Biol- 
ogy at the request of the experimentators, and com- 
posed of Dastre, Henneguy, Letulle, Malassez and 



138 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

Borrel has declared, after satisfactory experiments, 
that the passage of particles of coal from the intes- 
tine to the mesenteric glands takes place only in 
cases of repeated and long ingestion and under con- 
ditions of permeability yet to be determined. The 
question of pulmonary anthracosis was reserved. 

Under the microscope, the granules of hematic 
origin appear irregularly rounded or ovoid, and 
purple, red, or orange in tint. The particles of coal 
are generally irregular, angular and quite large. 
They appear under the magnifying glass completely 
opaque, which gives them a uniform black tint. Pul- 
verized vegetable charcoal particles may show 
threads of vegetable cells not destroyed by the car- 
bonization; it is thus that Traitbe has been able to 
recognize the existence of punctured cells of conif- 
erous origin. The grains of melanin are smaller, 
and are well rounded, with a sepia hue and a little 
translucent center. 

After from fifteen to thirty minutes of contact 
with concentrated sulphuric acid, the pigments of 
hematic origin, whether recently formed or not, 
dissolve and color the reactive or the anatomical 
tissue which contains them a red or a yellow hue. 
After several hours of contact, the coloration 
changes to a blue and then to a green. Melanotic 
granulations are very resistant to chemical agents, 
and even to sulphuric acid. To differentiate them 
with the aid of reactive agents, from soot particles, 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 139 

it is well to resort to the action of boiling alkali 
(saturated solution of potash). The melanotic 
grains become yellowish and coherent without in 
reality dissolving, while the smoke black corpuscles 
treated in the same way do not change. 

Emphysema. In the glands of calves' lungs, very 
much inflated after killing, one may sometimes no- 
tice that the aspect of a section of a gland is changed 
by interstitial gaseous infiltration. Instead of hav- 
ing a pale, rosy color and a shining reflection, the 
surface of the section shows in places a dull hue and 
a strong, rosy color analogous to that of the inflated 
lung. With a magnifying glass, one may detect that 
these spots of different color are infiltrated with 
very fine bubbles of air pressed near to each other. 
I have had the opportunity of seeing also the mam- 
mary lymph glands of cows presenting similar 
changes, after an artificial insufflation of the udder 
made during the treatment of parturient apoplexy. 
The gland then had a tint of dull yellow aspect. 
In these cases, the air had probably entered the or- 
gan through the lymphatic vessels. 



CHAPTER XV 

Parasitic Alterations 

These include: 1. Those produced by vegetable 
parasites (phyto-parasitic or mycosic). 2. Those 
due to animal parasites (zoo parasitic or zoonosic). 

Vegetable Parasitisms or Mycoses 

Endoparasitic fungi, after entering an organism, 
may localize on the surface of the digestive or res- 
piratory mucous membranes or again invade the tis- 
sues and cause true generalized infections. They 
may then multiply as colonies in the various organs 
and develop into tubercules or abscesses. As ex- 
amples of generalized infection, we have the epizoo- 
tic lymphangitis or farcy of Africa and the farcy 
of cattle. 

The pathogenic fungi which may infect the vari- 
ous tissues of the organism, and particularly the 
lymphatic glands, belong to several of the botanic 
groups of the cryptogams. It must, however, be 
remembered that the reproduction of these endo- 
parasites does not take place in the middle of the 

tissues, and that their growth is reduced to that of 

141 



142 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

the mycelia by successive germinations. Never is 
fructification (conidia) observed, as the inoculated 
spores germinate but do not reproduce. 

Oomycetes, Mucorineas. The virulence of spores 
of some of these organisms (Mac or corymbifer, 
Regineri, Truchisi) is explained by their power of 
growth under the temperature of the bodies of 
mammalia and birds. For their spores to be patho- 
genic for the higher animals, they must be of small 
size (between two and six W.), smaller than the 
hematids of the inoculated animal, miscible with 
water and having for maximum of growth 37 to 
40 degrees C. 

Glandular lesions due to mucormycosis have been 
observed only in animals inoculated in experi- 
ments, through the veins or in the peritoneum with 
a large quantity of spores. 

Or. Ascomycetes. Fam. Discomycetes. Trib. 
Exacaseas. G. Saccharomycetes. Saccharomycetes 
which develop only in yeast (absence of sporulation, 
budding of the cells in conidia) have been desig- 
nated under the name of Blast omycetcs by Frank or 
of Cryptococcus by Vuillemain. They may infest 
glands in some diseases. Let us mention first the 
Cryptococcus guttulatus, found by Roncali in a 
lymph gland of the axilla, and the C. Tokishigei 
found in Japan by Tokishije in the glands of horses 
affected with a farcy analogous to that of Africa. 
The same author has seen also the same lesions in 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 143 

cattle. The glands, friable, and infiltrated, showed 
disseminated purulent centers containing numerous 
cryptococci. 

Rivolta. discovered, in 1873, the C. Farciminostis 
in the lesions of the lymphatic glands of horses af- 
fected with epizootic lymphangitis (African or river 
farcy). 

San Felice isolated the C. Lithogenes from the 
calcified center of lymph glands, taken from a steer, 
dead with primary carcinomatosis of the liver with 
lymphatic generalization of the infection. The para- 
site owes its name to the calcareous degeneration 
that it may undergo in the tissues. 

Fam. Carpoasceas or Perisporiaceas; trib. Peri- 
spories; g. Aspergillus. The Aspergillus fumigatns 
is the only one truly pathogenous. Franck has 
found it in the coats of the small intestine and in 
the mesenteric glands of cows killed by butchers. 
The glands presented caseous or calcified miliary 
tubercles which sometimes were as large as peas; 
the lesions differing from those of tuberculosis by 
their greenish color. The pus contained threads of 
mycelia of Aspergillus fumigatns, as experiments 
by inoculation and cultures proved. 

Histologically, the lesions of Aspergillosis recall, 
because of their structure, those of bacillary tuber- 
culosis of Koch. In the center of the granulations 
are seen the threads of mycelia surrounded with 
epithelial cells, giant cells, and leucocytes. 



144 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

Imperfecti fungi. Gr. Hyphomycetes, Sect. Mn- 
cedinas. Among these are found fungi which have 
lost the faculty of giving off reproducing organs 
and which vegetate only by division of the hyphae 
of the mycelium. The segments which are thus 
formed soon become rounded to give Oldies, which 
little by little will break up like yeast cells. 

Discomycetes. Rivolta, 1878. Syn. Streptothrix, 
Cohn, 1875; Actinomycetes, Harz, 1877; Oospora, 
Sanvagean and Radais, 1892. Fungi of this gender 
give rise to the diseases which are designated under 
the name of Actinomycosis, Actinophytosis or Dis- 
comycosis. 

In cultures, these fungi are seen as threads of 
mycelia, ramified by dichotomy, with thick, aerial 
hyphse which separate in oidies and by germination 
reproduce new mycelia. Later on, these mycelia 
divide into small pieces, resembling bacilli or even 
micrococci. These may grow in their turn and give 
birth to new fungi. 

In their parasitic life, these same cryptogams 
change form and the extremities of their threads 
swell out like a club on account of the thickening of 
their membranes. These formations do not repre- 
sent the organs of reproduction, but the sequelae 
for the defence of the tissues against the invasion 
of the parasites. 

Discomyces Bovis. These fungi appear in the 
middle of tissues as microscopic granulations, which 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 145 

may reach the size of fine gravel. They are yellow 
in color, and get darker as they become old. 

Examined under low power, these clubs are dis- 
posed in rounded tufts, capitella like. They present 
in the center, when examined sideways, a granular 
and shining aspect; while on the periphery they 
show a radiating disposition. All the clubs are in- 
serted upon a fettered network of ramified threads 
of mycelia. They may assume irregular shape and 
become calcareous. 

The mycelia color by Gram's and Weigert's stain- 
ing methods, with the clubs taking better acid color- 
ing matters, such as carbolized fuchsin (Ziehl), 
eosin, or purple acid. 

Each actinomycotic granulation represents, in re- 
ality, a colony composed, first, of short, ramified 
and radiating filaments; then, later, a closed net- 
work of these filaments, which stretch and multiply 
and thread out of the periphery of the mass numer- 
ous radiating filaments. The last mentioned under- 
go, by degrees, the involutive transformation into 
clubs ; while the filaments of the center of the colony 
subdivide to dissociate like little sticks, batonnets, 
and micrococci. 

Other species of parasites have been noticed in 
the lesions of Actinomycosis, the principal being the 
Discomyces Israeli and the Actinobacilli of Lig- 
nieres and Spitz. Out of nineteen cases of acti- 
nomycosis of the jaws of cattle examined, Pinoy 



146 . LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

has found thirteen cases due to Discomyces Israeli, 
three of Actinobacilli, two only of Actinomyces 
Bovis, and one case of the two Discomyces mixed. 

Discomyces Israeli. It is differentiated from 
the D. Bovis because it is cultivated well in the ab- 
sence of oxygen, and gives tetrahedronical grains 
upon cultures of gelatin; the D. Bovis, on the con- 
trary, grows well in the air on glycerined potato, 
and when under culture takes a greenish lichenoid 
aspect. 

Actinobacilli. These bacteria, scarcely larger 
than those of chicken cholera, appear in the organ- 
ism always in radiated masses, but having the bacil- 
lary form in culture. They discolor rapidly when 
the methods of Gram and of Weigert are used. 
They also swell into clubs which may ramify in bud- 
ding. The center of the tuft never shows filaments 
of mycelia, either simple or ramified. 

The lymph glands, corresponding to the organ 
or to the tissues invaded by actinobacillosis, are gen- 
erally altered, but the glandular infestation is ex- 
ceptional in the lesions elsewhere, due to discomyses. 
All the glands of one region may be altered, which, 
however, the transportation of the bacilli by migrat- 
ing cells explains. According to Lignieres, the 
glandular infection may also be primitive and even 
manifest itself without any other lesion. 

The pus of the lesions of actinobacillosis is very 
sticky, adherent to the fingers, milky white or slight- 






IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 147 

ly greenish, and when squeezed between two glass 
slides, it shows little grumes of a fine, grayish white 
consistency, as big as. the head of a pin at the largest. 
Yellow grains are never found, as in the lesions of 
Discomycetes, nor are calcareous granulations. 

In the case of a naturally developed, generalized 
actinobacillosis of sheep, Lignieres and Spitz have 
found lesions in the mediastinum, the mesenteric 
and the guttural lymph glands. Some were ab- 
scesses full of pus, as thick as putty and slightly 
greenish, while others had only little purulent foci 
in their periphery. 

Stolpe has studied actinomycosis of the lymphatic 
glands in the salted tongues of American cattle, de- 
livered at Hamburg, and Kowalewsky and Swiatos- 
lowski have examined some in Russia. The results 
were as follows: 

In the acute state, the glands were tumefied, more 
or less hemorrhagic with softening in the center. 
Old lesions were characterized by a whitish fibrous 
band circumscribing actinomycotic centers the size 
of a hemp seed, a pea, or exceptionally a bean. The 
centers have the spongy texture of a tissue softened 
by purulent infiltration, and are a grayish yellow. 
Fressure upon a section squeezes out small clots or 
whitish twists of pus. 

Tuberculous glands never have these spongy foci, 
infiltrated with pus. The content of a tubercle is ca- 
seous, drier and more consistent; the envelope is 



148 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

grayish white at the periphery and shows a yellow- 
ish gray coloration as it comes nearer the caseated 
parts. When old, the purulent foci may break up 
completely, the glandular tissue and the organ then 
becoming fluctuating. The retro-pharyngeal and 
sub-glossary glands are generally the most fre- 
quently affected. From the histological point of 
view, it is observed, that at the beginning the fungi 
give rise to an inflammatory reaction of the tissues 
with increase of phagocytes surrounding the rising 
tufts of the fungi. 

Leucocytes and conjunctive cells are transformed 
along with epithelioid, and some of these elements 
allow the mycelia to penetrate into them, while 
others surround the parasites in greater number to 
arrest their growth. The threads of mycelia then 
take the involution forms spoken of. 

Discomyces Farcinicus. This parasite promotes 
in cattle a special affection, called bovine farcy. The 
fungus is found in the pus or in the tissues, in the 
form of small tufts of filaments formed of mycelia 
mixed together in an inextricable manner. It then 
forms an opaque nucleus from the periphery of 
which start a number of fine prolongations which 
give the whole a peculiar burdock aspect. These 
excentrical filaments are never transformed into 
clubs. This streptothrix takes the Gram stain and 
fixes basic colors. 

The affection is characterized by adenitis and su- 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 149 

perficial lymphangitis. The lymphatic glands con- 
tain creamy pus, and are sometimes rilled with pseu- 
do-tubercles the center of which is caseous or puru- 
lent. The pus contains a great quantity of bacillary 
brush-like masses. 

Animal Parasitisms or Zooparasitk 
Alterations. 

The animal parasites belong only to either the 
Protozoa, helminthes or arthropoda. 

Protozoa. CI. Sporozoa; Gr. Coccidium (Leuck- 
art) or Eimeria (Rivolta). In a case of intestinal 
coccidiosis of the rabbit, Reincke has found in the 
mesenteric glands young growths of Coccidia (C. 
perforans var. cuniculi). 

Proger and Zurn have found in the lesions of the 
intestines and of the mesenteric glands of a calf that 
had died, when between five or six weeks of age, 
from a severe attack of enteritis, coccidia Eimeria 
Zurni similar to those met with in the intestines of 
the rabbit. 

Worms — Helminthes. The presence of echino- 
cocci in the glands has been observed. (Kowalesky.) 

Cystieerci cellulosae are frequently seen in all the 
glands of swine when the muscles are much diseased 
from an invasion of the parasites. The invaded 
glands are generally those at the entrance of the 
chest and those of the sub-maxillary region. 



150 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

There is no envelope of inflammatory tissue 
round the parasite, and, under the influence of the 
development of the cysticercus, the glandular tissue 
becomes atrophied, to be replaced by a small oval 
cavity lined with a thin translucent layer of dense 
connective tissue. Sometimes the 'cysticercus is 
found reduced in size, shrunken and entirely calci- 
fied, and it has then the aspect of a small, hard, whit- 
ish grain. 

Trichinae have also been found in the mesenteric 
glands. 

Arthropods — Arachnoidae — Lingiiatidae. The 
denticulated linguatula, larva of the tcenioid linguat- 
ula of the nasal cavities of the dog (Leuckart) is 
very frequently found in the mesenteric lymph 
glands of sheep (G. Colin of Alfort), especially in 
the leanest animals of a flock and in those that are 
predisposed to cachexia. The affected glands as- 
sume first a brown color on the outside, and their 
consistency diminishes, and they even become fri- 
able. Upon section, one sees the glandular tissue de- 
stroyed and hollowed out with small cavities that 
are more or less anfractuous, and communicate and 
contain a soft brownish mass in the middle of which 
the linguatulae are found. The cortical layer, when 
not affected, gets thinner, little by little, and may 
burst under the slightest pressure. The linguatulae 
appear in the middle of the mass in the form of small, 
whitish worms, elliptical in shape, translucent and 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 151 

flattened. They measure about five millimeters in 
length and three in width, with their heads much 
larger than the caudal extremity, and they have four 
hooks. The body is divided by eighty or ninety 
rings which have, posteriorly, a fringe of fine denti- 
cules. In some glands, where the parasites have es- 
caped, openings are left with irregular edges, which 
are obstructed by greenish plastic deposits. Later 
the gland gets -indurated and has caseated deposits 
in its substance. The mesenteric lymph glands are 
generally the only ones affected by the parasites, 
and those of the sub-lumbar regions, of the arm-pit, 
and of the entrance of the chest, remain intact. 

It is especially during the season which extends 
from the beginning of April to the middle of June 
that Cohn has observed those alterations in sheep 
from Berry and Sologna. Babes has frequently 
found denticulated linguatulse in the mesenteric 
glands of the cattle of Roumania. After staying in 
these organs for a time, the parasites leave, as traces 
of their passage, little pisiform tubercles, filled with 
a greenish, calcified magma, easily enucleated from 
the enveloping fibrous capsules. 



CHAPTER XVI 

Microbian Alterations 

Normal Microbian Flora of Lymphatic Glands. 
The presence of bacteria in lymphatic glands, in the 
normal state, has been the object of many contro- 
versies. Wissokowitch, Neisser and Labbe have 
found them without micro-organisms, while Loo- 
mis, Pizzini and Kossel have shown, by the inocula- 
tion of the glandular pulp, that the infection existed 
in some of the glands. Perey has studied the bac- 
teriology of glands of various regions and, as sapro- 
phytic microbes, he has found : Sarcina aureus, Fus- 
cus mesentericus; Ruber M. Bacterium Zopfy, Mi- 
crococcus flavus liquefaciens, and as pathogenous 
agents: stophylococci, sarcina and ty piriform mi- 
crobes. These microbes often remain in the glands 
in their spore states. Desoubry and Porcher have 
demonstrated the existence of microbes in the tho- 
racic duct. Chretien has examined mesenteric, pre- 
scapular and retropharyngeal lymph glands, se- 
cured immediately after death from animals killed 
by the butcher, before being fed, and he has found 
streptococci and staphylococci. The glands of other 

regions exhibited none. 

153 



154 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

Other researches made on this subject, with ma- 
terial taken from well, rested animals, and which 
were found free from any visceral lesions not con- 
sistent with health, would prove very interesting. 
Any investigations made under the various physio- 
logical conditions might also be carried out for an- 
aerobic microbes. 

Bacterium of Anthrax. G. Colin has demon- 
strated that by anthrax inoculation the glands of the 
invaded lymphatics were successively transformed 
into virulent centers. In species having great re- 
ceptivity, these steps of infection do not exist and 
the microbian invasion takes place immediately. 
Pasteur and Toussaint, having noticed in sheep that 
glandular alterations were more often to be found 
in the guttural region, have thought that inoculation 
almost always took place through the bucco-phar- 
yngeal mucous membrane, caused by pricks of the 
spikelets of gramineous or of other plants taken 
in with their food. On the contrary, Koch claims 
that the entrance of the bacteria takes place through 
either the closed follicles or Peyer's patches. 

After infection, the glands of the tissues which 
are first attacked are hypertrophied, red, softened, 
friable, and of a dark red color with hemorrhagic 
spots, and surrounded by abundant oedema. Under 
microscopic examination, it may be noticed that the 
glands situated nearest to the point of inoculation 
contain an enormous number of bacteria, which 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 155 

multiply around the follicles. In the glands of the 
other regions, the network of capillaries only is in- 
fected. 

Rouget. The glands of the various regions of the 
body appear turgid and hypertrophied, with the cor- 
tical zone and the inter follicular septa highly con- 
gested. This congestion invades even the lymphoid 
follicles, which have a purplish color and abundant 
serosity impregnates the whole organ. The spe- 
cific bacilli multiply in greater quantity in the glands 
than in the blood. Under the microscope, after col- 
oration with Gram stain, they are frequently seen 
inclosed in the leucocytes, and, upon section, the 
capillary emboli may be seen, due to masses of 
packed cells. 

Hemorrhagic Septicemia. In the* acute forms, the 
lymph glands are hypertrophied and hemorrhagic; 
in the chronic, they are increased in size and infil- 
trated. The Pasteurella is found in the acute forms 
by bacteriological examination of the glandular 
mass, immediately after the death of the animal. 

In swine, the Pest (Swine Pest of Preisz, Sal- 
monellose of Lignieres, Hog-Cholera of America, 
Schweinepest of Germany) and the pasteurellic Sep- 
ticemia (Pasteurellose of Lignieres, Schweine- 
senche of Loeffler, American Swine Plague) are 
two different diseases. 

In the first, the lesions of the intestines assume an 
ulcerative and necrotic character, and are covered 



156 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

with diphtheroid exudates, and at the same time the 
mesenteric and bronchial glands become caseated. 
Bang says that this change in the aspect of the le- 
sions is due to the necrotic action of the necrosis 
bacillus which lives as a saprophyte in the digestive 
canal and becomes pathogenic when other specific 
alterations already pre-exist on the intestinal mu- 
cosa. 

In the caseous glands, ovoid bacteria are found 
associated with fine bacilli. 

In affections due to the Pasteurella, the glands 
never become caseous, they only remain hard and 
hypertrophied. 

Preisz and Lignieres have found in the lesions of 
Pest a bacillus which they thought specific and that 
they proposed to call Bacillus suipestifer and Sal- 
monella. 

In 1904, de Schweinitz, Dorset, Bolton and Mc- 
Bryde made a study of American Hog Cholera, and 
observed that the blood filtered through porcelain 
remained virulent, and they concluded that the in- 
fection of the diseased animals was due to a filter- 
able virus. A similar observation, which has to be 
controlled de novo, has also been made by Hutyra 
for Swine Septicemia. 

Pyogenic Microbes. In all suppurations, and spe- 
cially in purulent adenitis, the staphylococcus pyo- 
genes aureus, the s. p. albus, and. the s. p. citreus, 
may be discovered and recognized by the coloration 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 157 

on gelatin media. Streptococci may also be found in 
the pus. The S. equi of Schultz, which is the infec- 
tious agent of horse distemper, may be found in 
great numbers in the abscesses of the glands of vari- 
ous regions. 

Glanders. This disease is due to the bacillus 
mallei, a fine bacillus, discovered in 1882 both by 
Bouchard, Capitan and Charrin in France, and by 
Loeffler and Schultz in Germany. It offers, among 
other lesions, adenitic, which vary in their charac- 
ters according to whether the affection is in an acute 
or chronic stage. 

In the acute disease, the glands are hypertrophied 
and hollowed with centers of oily saffron pus. The 
most altered glands are those of the groin, the max- 
illary space, th£ mediastinum, and the bronchi. The 
glandular tissue is completely destroyed, and there 
remain only the follicular divisions. In the puru- 
lent or caseous contents are found cellular broken- 
down remains of all kinds with granular nuclei, 
among which the bacilli may be discovered. 

In the chronic form of the disease, the glandular 
tissue, first hypertrophied and infiltrated, shows, 
later, caseous lesions, surrounded by a fibrous cap- 
sule and containing giant and epithelioid cells as well 
as bacilli. Gradually the parts which are not case- 
ated are invaded by sclerosis. 

Symptomatic Anthrax. The glands of those re- 
gions recently diseased are voluminous. Their sec- 



158 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

tion shows their medullary portion to be hypersemic 
and the lymphoid part to be of a dirty yellowish 
white, and a fresh section of the organ has a marked 
odor of strong- butter. When the symptomatic an- 
thrax tumor is very large, the softened gland has 
numerous hemorrhagic foci, and is infiltrated with 
a yellowish serous fluid. With the microscope, the, 
presence of the Bacterium Chauvoei may be detected 
in its various forms, according to the state of the 
sporulation of the bacillus. 

Gangrenous Septicemia. The glands are infil- 
trated with a rosy, muddy serous fluid, and the pulp 
has a dull reddish tint with numerous hemorrhagic 
spots. The bacteriologic examination reveals the 
presence of the septic vibrio with its bacillary form. 

Tuberculosis. This disease gives rise, in the lym- 
phatic glands, either to caseous adenitis or to hy- 
pertrophies which closely resemble lymphadenosis 
and to which Berger and Bezancon have given the 
name of tuberculous lymphoma. 

In natural or experimental conditions of gland- 
ular infection with the bacillus of Koch, the micro- 
scopic lesions do not always appear immediately. 
Indeed, there exists occult glandular tuberculosis, 
disclosed with difficulty by histological investiga- 
tion, and only revealed by the inoculation of guinea 
pigs. Occult lesions were first mentioned by Orth, 
then by Arloing, Lignieres, Barthel, and lastly by 
Vallee, who has well demonstrated the tolerance of 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 159 

the glandular tissue for the tubercle bacillus. It is 
their belief that the clinical manifestation of latent, 
bacillary infection by the formation of tubercles 
may be rendered slower by a local or general ex- 
perimental state of immunization or natural state 
of immunization. Joest, Noack and Liebrecht have 
observed that out of fifty-seven glands, apparently 
healthy, taken from thirty-eight bovines with gen- 
eralized tuberculosis, eighteen proved virulent. 
Most of the authors who have occupied themselves 
with the subject of occult tuberculosis agree in the 
conclusion that there cannot be bacillization of the 
glands without concomitant histological lesions. 
These pass unobserved only when they are isolated, 
very much localized and small. Hence the necessity 
for making a great number of histological sections 
is manifested. Vallee considers as suspicious in a 
tuberculous animal all glands that are softened, 
slightly hypertrophied, hemorrhagic, or those whose 
cortical and medullary layers on the surface of a 
section have a granular aspect and a uniform rosy 
gray tint, resembling that of the cortical layer of 
the brain. With a magnifying glass, whitish gray 
granulations, which cannot be seen with the naked 
eye, are sometimes observed. By exposing a section 
of the suspected gland to the action of salt, or by 
freezing it, the parts that are undergoing tubercu- 
lization are made more prominent. 

Vallee has proven that the penetration of the tu- 



160 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

bercle bacillus near the intestines could take place 
without giving rise to any apparent lesions of the 
lymphatic glands. 

Calmette and Guerin have remarked that the evo- 
lution of the lesions following intestinal infection 
differs according to whether it takes place in young 
or adult animals. In the young, the follicles and 
the follicular bands leave no empty spaces in the 
intervals of the blood-vessels as they are filled with 
lymphatic cells, and on the contrary, in the adult, 
the follicules are separated by empty spaces. It 
seems, then, that the young gland is a true filter for 
the microbes, while the adult lets the bacilli and leu- 
cocytes pass toward the hilus and the efferent canals. 
Also it has been found that pulmonary tuberculosis 
contracted by natural intestinal infection will leave 
no trace in the mesenteric glands. 

Glandular Lesions. In the beginning of the in- 
fection, the glandular lesions consist of very fine 
granulations, the size of a millet or hemp seed, of a 
pearl gray tint, and translucent (gray granulation 
of Laennec). This is sometimes surrounded with 
a light reddish congestive ring. Gradually the cen- 
ter undergoes caseous degeneration, and it becomes 
opaque and yellow, with a dense periphery, and this 
is the true tubercle. At the onset of the glandular 
infection, the development of the tubercles generally 
takes place at the level of the lymphoid follicles, 
while in other cases the process increases gradually, 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 161 

the lesion has a nodular aspect, and a diameter of 
from five to ten millimeters, and may even reach the 
size of a nut. The centers of the nodules become 
entirely caseated and present irregular cheesy 
masses with tracts of necrosis more or less anas- 
tomosed, somewhat hard, and rough to the touch. 
These nodules may become confluent and their cen- 
ters either dry or, at best, become more or less 
shrunken, or perhaps transformed by softening 
into a putty-like or semi-fluid magma. In the cheesy 
mass may be found calcareous grains, detected by 
crushing the pulp between the fingers. By this 
union of the nodular lesions, the gland may in time 
be entirely occupied by tubercular deposit. The 
organ may be hypertrophied by the infiltration of 
its tissue, the proliferation of the lymphoid elements 
outside of the diseased parts, and by the effects of 
the gradual caseation of the tubercles. 

Muscular glands, according to Stroh, are rarely 
invaded in adult bovines, but often in calves. In the 
adult, also, the prepectoral and popliteal glands are 
the most infected, and in calves the prepectoral 
muscle. The superficial inguinal muscles of cows 
and sows are often diseased. 

In the slaughter houses of Paris, in 1908, the 
statistics of the glandular lesions of 3,810 tuber- 
culous animals run as follows: 

Hepatic Gl., 1230; Mesenteric, 926; Mediastinal, 
1508; Bronchial, 3158; Retropharyngeal, 591; 



162 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

Sub-Glossal, 254; Prescapular, 132; Axillary, 26; 
Sus-Sternal, 607; Intercostal, 134; Renal, 101 ; Sub- 
Lumbar, 238; Iliac, 244; Precrural, 54; Inguinal, 
96; Ischiatic, 83; Popliteal, 31. 

In swine, the following percentage has been estab- 
lished : Hepatic, 58 ; Mesenteric, 60 ; Bronchial, 85 ; 
Sub-Glossal, 68 ; Pre-Parotid, 42 ; Retroparotid Su- 
perior 62, and Inferior 56; Prescapular, 44; Axil- 
lary, 60; Sus-Sternal, 56; Dorso- Aortic, 64; Sub- 
Lumbar, 40; Iliac, 40; Ischiatic, 8; Inguinal, 20; 
Precrural, 8 ; Popliteal, 4. 

Chronic Hypertrophic Enteritis of Bovines. In 
1903, Markus called attention to that disease in 
which the intestinal mucosa and the mesenteric 
lymph glands are invaded by epithelioid and giant 
cells with enormous masses of acido-resisting bacilli. 
Macroscopically the glands were only tumefied and 
filled with juice. Section of a gland colored by 
Ziehl-Nielson's method showed that the bacilli re- 
sembled those of Koch, but were shorter, a little 
thicker, and colored well with Gram stain, the blue 
of Kuhne and of Giemsa. 

Case oils Adenitis. In sheep, infection with the 
Preisz-Nocard bacillus gives rise to lesions not only 
visceral but also glandular. The alterations consist 
of purulent centers generally involving the whole 
gland. In the center of the organ, which has become 
voluminous, there is a slightly greenish, thick and 
creamy pus at the beginning of the disease, which 



IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 163 

later becomes hard and caseous. The gland is sur- 
rounded by a fibrous whitish capsule. 

The lesions due to the Preisz-Nocard bacillus also 
observed in swine, present themselves under the 
form of sub-cutaneous or intra-muscular abscesses 
with frequent purulent adenitis. The cervical and 
prepectoral glands are those most commonly dis- 
eased. These abscesses, like those of sheep, have a 
fibrous capsule, containing a creamy or pale green 
pus. 

Alterations due to Putrefaction 

In the study of the alterations observed in meat 
undergoing putrefaction, the examination of the 
lymphatic glands is not without its use. Before hav- 
ing the apple green color characteristic of the fat 
as well as the lean putrefied meat, the fatty surfaces 
of the regions which begin to feel the effects of the 
degeneration present first a pale greenish hue which 
has little in common with that of meat which has 
been aged under modern artificial refrigerator 
methods. Examination of the glands allows one 
at the very beginning to recognize the invasion. The 
organs are undergoing unmistakable changes, they 
become soft and are soon changed into a kind of 
mush: the rosy white tint of a section is changed 
to that of a dark, brown, slate hue, which begins in 
the medullary part. At the same time, a fresh sec- 



164 LYMPHATIC GLANDS 

tion emits the garlic odor so peculiar to putrefaction. 
Under these circumstances the pre-scapular and 
inguinal glands should be especially examined. 

FINIS 



SYNOPTICAL INDEX 



Abdominal wall (swine) 

Lymph glands of 87-88 

Acid coloring 

Of leucocytes 119 

Acid coloratives 119 

Acidophilus cells 

Meaning of 120 

Actinomycosis 

Of lymph glands 144 

Course of in glands 144-146 

Mixed infection 146 

Actinobacilli 146 

Characteristics of . . , 146-147 

Infection of glands with 146 

Pus of lesions 146 

Actinobacillosis 

In sheep 147 

Characteristics of pus of 147 

Actinobacillary growth 

In lymph glands 146 

Amongst leucocytes 147 

Acute diseases 

Glandular changes in 131-134 

Acute glanders 

Lesions of lymphatics in 157 

Adenitis 

In glanders 157 

Adenitis, caseous 

Lymph glands in 162 

Advanced tuberculosis 

Glandular lesions of 161 

Abdominal wall (horse) 

Lymph glands of 107-108 

Adult animals 

Hematic glands lose colors in.... 127 

Albuginia Stroma 

Of hilus of lymph glands 117 

Alterations, glandular 

In febrile diseases 131-134 

In lymphadenia 134-135 

In sclerosis 133 

In tumor formation 135-136 

In pathological pigmenta- 
tion 136-139 

In emphysema 143 

Amphophilous cells 120 

American hog cholera.. 157 

Anal lymph gland (bovine) 65 

Animal parasitisms 

Their relation to lymph glands 
149-151 

Anterior leg 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 29-32 

Lymph glands of (swine) 85-86 

Lymph glands of (horse) 106-1C 



165 



Anterior esophageal glands 

Large size (horse) 109 

Anthracosis of lungs 

Origin of 107 

Pulmonary 137 

Intestinal 137 

Anthrax 

Of lymph glands 154 

Inoculation through mouth mem- 
branes 154 

Inoculation through Peyers 
patches 154 

Lesions produced in glands 154 

Anthrax, symptomatic 

Lymph glands in 157 

Aortic trunk 

Relation to abdominal lym- 
phatics (bovine) 41 

Appearance 

Of normal lymph glands 116-118 

Areolar tissue 

Of lymph glands 116 

Ascomycetes 

Effects on lymph glands 142-143 

Aspergillus fumigatus 

In lymph glands 139 

Atrophied testicles (bovine) 

Not to be confused with lym- 
phatic glands 51 

Auditory canals 

Lymph glands near (horse) 106 

Auxiliary lymph gland (swine) 

Distinction from thyroid gland 85 



Basic coloratives 119 

Basophilous polynuclear leucocytes 122 

Characteristics of 122 

Situation of 122 

Basophilous cells 

Meaning of 120 

Biogenesis 

Of fungi in lymphatics 141 

Black leg 

Lvmph glands in 158 

Blood 

Leucocytes in 121 

Presence of granular leucocytes 
in 122 

Of gland? in acute diseases 132 

Blood stains 

Removing from pleura 13 

Boiling alkali 

Action on melanin 138 

Book 

Plan of this 15-16 



166 



SYNOPTICAL INDEX 



Bovines 

Enteritis of .. 132 

Lymphadenia in 134 

Bovine farcy 141 

Lesions of 148 

Cause of 148 

Bovine species 

Lymph glands of 113 

Bronchiae 

Number and disposition 

(bovine) 58 

Relation to pulmonary vein 

(bovine) 58 

Relation to pulmonary artery 

(bovine) 58 

Glandular chain of 

(bovine) 59-60 

Bronchi 

Anatomical data (swine) 94 

Difference from cattle 94 

Bronchial tree (bovine) 55-58 

Bronchitis 

Prebronchial glands in 137 

EU.g --- . 

Capsule 

Of compound lymph gland 118 

Capillary net work 

Of blood vessels in lymphatics 

118 

Capillary blood 

Of glands in acute diseases... 132 
Carbon, vegetable 

In lymph glands 138 

Carotid artery 

Glands near (bovine) 80 

Caseous adenitis 

In tuberculosis 158-159 

In lymph glands 162 

Cattle 

Where hematids are found in.. 126 
Cavernous sinuses 

Of lymph glands 125 

Cavernous zona 

Ol lymph glands 125, 127 

Caecal region 

Lymph glands of (horse) 108 

Caecum 

Lymph Glands of (swine) 98 

Cellular contents 

Of lymph glands 117 

Center 

Germinative, in lymph glands.. 117 
Chains 

Lymph glands of stomach and 
intestines (bovine) ...64-68 

Lymph glands of chest (swine) 
71-74 

Retro-parotid (swine) 74-79 

Lumbo-aortic (swine) 87 

Mesenteric (swine) 98 

Contrast of mesenteric of cat- 
tle and swine 98 

Colic (swine) 99 

Sub-lumbar (sheep) 105 

Mesenteric (horse) .' 109 



Chaplet 

of lymph glands (swine) 71 

Of chest (swine) 71 

Of caecal artery (horse) 36 

Ileo-caecal (horse) 36 

Colic (horse) 36 

Characteristics 

Of lymph glands (sheep) 103 

Of axillary lymph gland (horse) 105 
Of normal lymph glands 115-118 

Chest entrance 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 21-29 

Lymph glands of (swine) 81 

Chronic hypertrophic enteritis 

Lymph glands in 162 

Circumflex disc gland (swine) 

Peculiar topographic anatomy 
of 88 

Its two parts (horse) 107 

Closed follicles 

Normal arrangement of 116 

Coal particles 

In lymph glands 157 

Appearance under the micro- 
scope 138 

Coccidia 

In lymph glands 149 

In calves 149 

Colic 

Lymph glands (horse)... 109 

Collectors 

Efferent, of lymph glands 117 

Colon 

Lymph glands of (swine) 99 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 65-68 

Lymph glands of horse 105 

Color of hematids 

Reason for 126 

Coloring of leucocytes 118 

Comparison 

Of lymph glands of horse, cat- 
tle and swine.. 109 

Conglomerated granules 

Precrural region (horse) 108 

Constellation 

Of leucocytes in lymph glands 117 
Creative activity 

Of young lymph cells 123 

Cutaneous diseases 

Eosinophily in 123 

Cysticerci cellulosae 

In lymph glands (swine) 149 

Lesions caused by 149-150 

Decapitated head (swine) 

Cut glands seen 84 

Deep inguinal gland 

Peculiar situation (sheep) 103 

Definition 

Of compound lymph gland 116 

Of a lymph gland 115 

Denticulated linguatulae. 150 

Dichotomic ramification 

Of bronchial trunk (bovine)... 55 



SYNOPTICAL INDEX 



167 



Difference in characteristics 

Of lymphatic and hematic 

glands w 

Differentiation ,.,„,« 

Of melanin from coal particles 138 
Discolorations , 

In visceral congestions 100 

Discomyces Israeli 

In lymph glands ^° 

Discomyces Farcinicus 

Cause of bovine farcey n» 

Dissociation in , 

Of lymph glands of the horse.. 10. 

Of lymph glands (swine) 1^> 

Dorso-aortic glands 

Great number and development 

(swine) ^ 

Dorsal region of chest , 

Lymph glands of (swine). .72-74 
Duodenal, mesenteric 

Lymph glands of (swine) ^ 

Echinococci 140 

Of lymph glands ™ J 

Encephaloid sarcomata 

In cattle ; iqD 

Endoparasitic fungi 

In lymph glands 141-14* 

Enteritis . ir , 

Lymph glands in 1W 

Emphysema .,« 

Effects on lymph glands....... -U 

Eosinophilous cells U1 "" J 

Eosinophily . . , 

When it is marked in animal 

body . n ^ 

In parasitic diseases ±- J 

Eosinophiles p-j 

In fevers ••• •••• .r. 

In case of normal temperature US 

Epitheliornata ,« 

In lymph glands. 10 ° 

Epizootic lymphangitis 

Fungi in 

Evisceration . , q 

Of thoracic organs in cattle... c» 
Of thoracic organs in swine *J 

Examined , . ,. 
Glands most frequently m liv- 
ing animals 

Fibrous tisstie . .., 

In sclerotic glands (swine).... l-M 
Finding retro-pharangeal glands 

(swine) > : 

Flora, normal microbism 

Of lymphatic glands 1M " 1M 

Follicles 11t - 11fi 

Lymph, nature of lib at. 

Follicular cords 117 

Of lymph glands 1U 

Follicular masses 

Blood vessels and these in 

lymphatics 11Q 

Follicular hypertrophy 

in leukemia 1,M 



gangrenous septicemia 157 

Gastric grooves 

Location of lymph glands in 

(bovine) ° 4 

General remarks . , m 

On lymph glands (sheep) 100 

Germinative centers 

Of lymph glands j : ' 

Glanders ljj 

Glandular chains , 

Of stomach (bovine) '* 

Glandular mass . _ 

Sub-tracheal (swine) ' J 

Glandular chain . 

Of colic lymphatics (swine)... Jy 
Of small colon and rectum 

(horse) luy 

Glandular substance 

Character of in large glands., lib 
Glandular alterations 

In febrile diseases 114 

In sclerosis Jr.? 

In lymphadenia Jv2 

In tumor formation .• • • i- 50 

In pathological pigmentation 

I n emphysema 139-140 

Glandular pulp .. 

Inoculation which causes dis- 

ease 

Glandular tissue ^o 

Tolerance for tuberculosis U>* 

Glandular lesions lfi0 

In tuberculosis 

CU tf"e of in large In* 

glands 

Globo-cellular sarcomata 

In cattle 

Globules, white ^q 

In lymphatics 

Granules, lymph . , 

Of the sterno-pencardial gland ^ 

(horse) 

Grains of melanin „ R 

Appearance in glands ^° 

Granulations 

Lymphatic, of bronchiae 

(horse) pg 

Neutrophilus ...-•• •• 

Of sub-scapular region ( swl _ n ^ 5 . 86 

Granules ... v. „,» n „1p<; 

Deep inguinal lymph granules ^ 

(swine) • ; v.'.: • 

In front of tendo-achilhs ^ 

(swine) : ; 

Lymph, near triangularis sterm ^ 

muscle • •* " "1" *11" 

Lymph, of middle cervical re- 

t-ion (horse) . ._ •• ;•" 1fR 

Of pericardial region (horse).. 1<8 

Gastric (horse) 1( : q 

Splenic (horse) ••.••••; 

Of posterior mediastinum ^ 

(horse) 



163 



SYNOPTICAL INDEX 



Granular chain 

Shoulder (horse) 107 

Granular deposits 

in visceral congestions 136 

Granular leucocytes 

Place of origin 122 

Nucleus of 122 

Passage to blood 122 

Gutteral pouches 

Relation of salivary glands to 
(horse) 106 

Head 

Lymph glands of (bovine)... .36-40 

Lymph glands of (swine) 81-85 

Lymph glands of (horse) 106 

Helminthes 

Of lymph glands 156 

Hematic glands 

Definition of 126 

Hemalymphatic glands 

Sisternal (bovine) 28 

Of inferior cervical vein (bo- 
vine) 32 

Of the dorsal angle of scapula 

(bovine) 32 

Omo-trochelian (bovine) 33 

On neck after removing leg 

(bovine) 33 

Lumbo-aortic chain (bovine)... 44 

Lateral sacral (bovine) 45 

Of the tensor vaginae muscle 

(bovine) 50 

On the hollow of the flank (bo- 
vine) 56-57 

Intra-pulmonary (bovine) 58 

Sub-lumbar (sheep) 103 

Sterno-pericardial gland (horse) 105 
Of triangularis - sterni muscle 

(horse) 105 

Of the middle cervical region 

(horse) 106 

Of the shoulder (horse) 107 

Of the pre-crural region (horse) 108 
Of the gastric region (horse).. 109 
Of the splenic region (horse).. 109 
Of the posterior mediastinum 

(horse) 109 

Definition of 126 

Hematopoiesis 

Occasioned by hematics 126 

Hematids 

Where found . . 126 

Hematopoietic action 

Of hematics in old animals 127 

Hemorhagic secpticemia 

Effects on lymph glands 155 

Hilus of liver 

Relation to hepatic lymph glands 
(horse) 109 

Hind leg (bovine) 

Lymphatic glands of. 45-54 

Histological characteristics 

Of normal lymph glands 115-118 

Of compound glands 118 

Of hematids 126 



Hog cholera 

Lymph glands in 155-156 

Horse 

Lymph glands of 105-109 

Lesions of lymphatics in glan- 
ders 156 

Melano-sarcomatosis in 136 

Melanin in 136 

Horse distemper 

Lesions in lymph glands 156 

Hyoid bone (bovine) 

Its relation to retropharyngeal 

lymphatics 36 

Hyperemic condition 

Of glands in acute diseases... 131 
Hyperplasia 

In lymphadenia 134 

Hypostasis 

Effects on lymphatics in acute 

diseases 133 

Hypertrophic lymph glands 

In tuberculosis 158-159 

Ueo-caecal region 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 65-68 

Lymph glands of (horse) 109 

Ileo-caecal valve 

Lymph glands of (swine) 98 

Ileo- jejunal chain (bovine) 98 

Iliac glands 

Condition in acute diseases... 43 

Iliac lymph glands (horse) 109 

Imperfect fungi 

In lymph glands 144 

Incipient tuberculosis 

Glandular lesions of 160 

Infections, palustral 

Leucocytosis in 123 

Inguinal glands 

In putrid meat 163-164 

Intercostal spaces 

Eleventh and twelfth glands of 

(bovine 25 

Intercostal lymph glands 

Absence of (swine) 73 

Absence of (sheep) 103 

Intermittent fevers 

Infiltrations of organs in 136 

Interstitial gaseous infiltration 

Of lymph glands 139 

Intestines 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 65-68 

Lymph glands of (swine) 98-99 

Lymph glands of (horse) 109-115 

Intestinal coccidiosis 

Of lymph glands 149 

Intra - pulmonary lymph glands 

(swine) 94 

Ischiatic lymph gland (swine) 

Its anatomical data differing 
from cattle 90 

Means of finding it 90 

Jejunum 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 65 

Lymph glands of (swine)...... 98 



SYNOPTICAL INDEX 



169 



Karyokenesis 

Of leucocytes in lymph glands 

107 

Lactescent juice 

Of lymph glands 117 

Lean hog or cow 

Superior retro-parotid gland in 81 

Leg, anterior 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 29-33 

Lymph glands of (swine) 86-87 

Lymph glands of (horse) 106-107 

Leg, posterior 

Lymph glands of (swine). ... .88-89 

Lymph glands of (horse) 107-108 

Lymph glands of (bovine). .. .45-54 

Lesions of actinobacillosis 

In lymph glands 148 

Leucemia 

Increase of leucocytes in 121 

Lymph gland, colorative in 133 

Leucocytes 

Packed in lymph glands 117 

Great mononuclear in lymph 

glands 117 

Nature and characteristics of.. 118 

Kinds 118 

Elective properties for color... 118 

Effects of analine on 118 

Polynuclear 121 

Characteristics of polynuclears 121 

Situation of polynuclears 121 

Effects of actinobacilli upon... 149 

In lymph glands in rouget 155 

Position in lymph glands 120 

Place where they develop 120 

Nature of 120 

Small mononuclear 120 

Large monoculear 120 

Leucocytic formula 

Of young animals 123 

Leucocytogenesis 

In glands of eld animals 125 

Leucocytosis 

In fevers 125 

Leucopoietic centers 126 

Linguatulae 

In lymph glands 150 

In sheep 150 

Lesions in sheep 150 

Liquid 

Of medullary zone of lymph 
glands 117 

Liver and pancreas 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 61 

Lymph glands of (swine) 95 

No lymph glands adhere to the 

liver 95 

Lymph glands of (horse) 109 

Lobes, of lungs (swine) 

Anatomy of 94 

Lobulated glands 

Sus-epitrochlear (horse) 107 

Lobulated mass 

Prescapular lymph gland (horse) 
107 



Lobules 

Of maxillary lymph gland 

(horse) 106 

Of superficial inguinal region 

(horse) 108 

Lungs 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 55-69 

Lymph glands of (swine) 91-95 

Lymph glands of (horse) 109 

Anthracosis of 137 

Lymph 

Leucocytes in 121 

Lymphadenia 

Large granular hypertrophies 

in 134 

Comparison with neoplasms or 

tubercular change 134 

Description of lesion 134 

Effects on all glands 134 

Lymphatics — hemo or hematic — 

See hemolymphatic glands. 
Lymph follicles 

Normal nature of 115-116 

Lymphatic glands 

Incision of, in meats uninspec- 
ted by veterinary sanitar- 
ians 114 

Pathological alterations, ne- 
cessity for knowledge of 

14, 15, 16. 

Examination, to differentiate 

diseases 15 

Location, where usually foundl5-16 

Relation to blood vessels 16 

Size, in different animals 16 

Best method for study of 16 

Left on neck (bovine) in re- 
moving foreleg is the pre- 
scapular 33 

Normal appearance of 115-116 

Appearance of products of 119-123 

Normal elementary nature of. . 115 

Compound character of 115 

Leucocytes in 121 

Pathological alterations in.. 131-163 
Appearnace in melano-sarcoma- 

tosis (horses) 131-163 

Parasitic alterations in 149-151 

In symptomatic anthrax. 157 

In gangrenous septicemia..... 157 
Filters for tubercle bacilli in 

the young 160 

Non-filters for tubercle bacilli 

in adults .. 160 

Caseous lymph adenitis of 163 

Lymph gland location 
Bovine species 

Thoracic glands 
Entrance to chest 

Prepectoral 21 

Internal prepectoral 24 

External prepectoral 

preaxillary) 24 

External carotid (of first 
rib) 24 



170 



SYNOPTICAL INDEX 



Lymph gland location (continued) 

Dorsal region 
Anterior intercostal.... 24 
Dorso-aortic of posterior 
intercostal 25 

Sternai region 

Sus-sternal 25-28 

Presusternal 28 

Sub-pleural of sixth rib 28 

Sterno-pericardiac . 28 

Anterior diaphragmatic 
(esophago-aortic) 29 

Glands of anterior leg 

Subscapular 29 

Sus-epitrochlear 29 

Prescapular (inferior cer- 
vical) 29-32 

Scapular hemo-lymphat- 

• ics 29-32 

Glands of the head and neck 
Glands of the neck 

Middle cervical 33 

Sub-atloid 33 

Glands of the head 

Parotid 36 

Maxillary or subglos- 

sal 36 

Retro-pharyngeal (sub- 
sphenoidal or hyoid 

gland 36 

Minor pharyngeal gland 3/ 
Lymph glands of the tongue 
Relation of maxillary 
and retro-pharyngeal 

to 37-40 

Lymph glands cf the abdom- 
inal wall 
Sub-lumbar region 

Renal 44 

Sub-lumbar 44 

Pelvic region 

Internal iliac 44 

Median iliac (sub-sa- 
cral) 44 

Internal pudic 44 

Ischiatic 44 

Lateral sacral 44 

Gluteal 45 

Sacro-iliac 45 

Anal 45 

Lymph glands of the hind 
extremity 
Pre-iliac (external il- 

ial) 45 

Iliac-circumflex 45-50 

Precrural 50 

Ilio-crural 68-69 

Deep inguinal 51 

Superficial inguinal (of 

males) 51 

Retro-mammary (of fe- 
males) 51 

Papliteal 54 



Lymph gland location (continued) 

Lymph glands of the lungs 

Intra-pulmonary 58 

Pre - tracheo - bronchial 

(right) 59 

Pre - tracheo - bronchial 

(left) 59 

Lymph gland of second 

bronchia 59 

Glandular chain of bron- 
chia 59-60 

Gland of right tracheal 

lobe 60 

Gland of the supplemen- 
tary lobe 60 

Inter-tracheo bronchial 
Posterior mediastinal 

(esophago-aortic) 60 

Anterior aesopha g e a 1 
(tracheo - aesophageal) 60 

Sub tracheal 61 

Lymph glands of the liver 
and pancreas 
The five hepatic glands 61 

Pancreatic 61 

Lymph glands of the 
spleen 

Splenic 64 

Lymph glands of the 
stomach 

Gastric 64 

Superior face 
Glands of median fis- 
sure 64 

Glands of reticulum, 
omasum and aboma- 
sum 64 

Inferior face 
Glands of rumen...... 64 

Glands of the inferior 

artery of the rumen 64 
Glands of the aboma- 

sum 65 

Lymph glands of the in- 
testines 65 

Mesenteric 

(small intestines) ...65-68 
Mesenteric 

(large intestines) ...65-68 

Of colic artery 65 

Of the spiroid colon 65 

Caecal glands 68 

Ileo-caecal 68 

Of the small mesenteric 

artery 68 

The Horse 

Thoracic lymph glands 

Axillary 105 

Internal prepectorals.. . 105 
Presusternal (absent).. 105 
Of triangularis sterni 

muscle 105 

Sterno-pericardial 105 



SYNOPTICAL INDEX 



171 



Lymph gland location (continued) 
Lymph glands of head and 
neck 

Preparotid 106 

Maxillary (sub-glossal) 106 

Retro-pharyngeal 106 

Sub-atloid 106 

Of jugular groove (mid- 
dle cervical glands). . . 106 

Lymph glands of anter- 
ior leg 

Prescapular 106-107 

Cervical (absent) 107 

Sub-scapular 107 

Sus-epitrochlear 107 

Lymph glands ot abdom- 
inal wall and pos- 
terior leg 

Renal .••• 107 

Lumbo-aortic 107 

Sub-lumbar 107 

Median iliac 107 

Internal iliac 107 

External iliac 107 

Circumflex iliacs 108 

Glands of flank 108 

Precrural ; 108 

Superficial inguinal 108 

Deep inguinals 108 

Ischiatic 108 

Popliteal 108 

Lymph glands of stomach 

Of small curvature near 

insertion of omentum, 

i.e. gastric 108 

Lymph glands of small 
intestines and large 
intestines 

Mesenteric 109 

Caecal 109 

Ileo-caecal 109 

Colic 109 

Rectal 109 

Anal 109 

Lymph glands of liver and 
pancreas 

Hepatic 109 

Pancreatic 109 

Lymph glands of spleen 

Splenic 109 

Lymph glands of lungs 
Pre-tracheo-bronchial. . 109 
Intertracheo-bronchial.. 109 
Anterior aesophageal. . . 109 
Posterior aesophageal.. 109 

Sheep 

Characteristics of certain 
lymph glands in sheep 

Deep inguinal 103 

Anal ••• 103 

Ischiatic 103 

Iliac 103 

Sub-lumbar 103 

Intercostals 103 

Presusternals 103 

Susternals 103 



Lymph gland location (continued) 

Lymph glands of head, 

cervical region and 

viscera 103 

Swine 

Thoracic glands 

Prepecto-tracheal 71 

Axillary 71 

Dorsal region 

Dorso-aortic 71 

Sternal region 

Presusternal . 74 

Sterno-diaphragmatic . . 74 

Lymph glands of neck and 
head 

Preparotid 77 

Retro-parotid 79-80 

Sub-atloid ^ 

Retro-pharyngeal (sub- 

sphenoidal 80 

Middle servical 80-83 

Retro - parotids (s u m ; 

mary) 83 

Sub-parotids (summary) 83 

Maxillary 83 

Lymph glands of anterior 

■ P leg 85-86 

Tracheal or sub-scapu- 
lar granulations 85-86 

Absence of sus-epitroch- 
lear ••• 86 

Pre-scapular 86 

Lymph glands of abdominal 
cavity 

Sub-lumbar region 87 

Renal 87 

Lumbo-aortic 87 

Sub-lumbar 87 

Iliac region 87-88 

Iliac 87 

Middle iliacs 87 

(internal and external) 87 

Circumflex iliac 88 

Lymph glands of posterior 
leg 
Femoral region 

Precrural 88 

Superficial inguinal 88-89 

Deep inguinal lym p h 

granulations 89 

Tibial region 

Popliteal 89 

Pelvic region 

Lateral sub-sacral ?0 

Ischiatic 90 

Anal 90 

Visceral lymph glands 
Lungs 

Aesophageal vV'" ni 

Pretracheo-bronchial .. 91 

Tracheo-aesophageal ... 94 

Intertracheo - bronchial 94 

Tracheo-bronchial 94 

Interlobular 84 

Superior tracheal 94 

Prepectoral 94 

Intra-pulmonary 94 



172 



SYNOPTICAL INDEX 



Lymph gland location (continued) 
Liver 

Hepatic .... 94 

Pancreas 

Pancreatic , 95 

Stomach 

Gastric 95-98 

Spleen 

Spleenic 98 

Intestines 

Mesenteric . .. 98 

Duodenal portion 98 

Jejunal portion 98 

Ileal portion 98 

Ileo-caecal 98 

.Colic , 99 

Lymph granules 

Of middle cervical re- 
gion (horse) 106 

Lymphocytosis 

In young animals 123 

Lymphoid bodies 

Of lymph glands 116 

Lymphoid crests 

Of tonsils (bovine) 40 

Lymphoid follicles 

In swine, character of 125 
Affected with rouget... 155 
Lymphoid zona 

Of glands in old an- 
imals 125 

Lymphoma 

Tuberculous form of 158 



Mammary lymph glands 

Effects of emphysema upon... 139 

Man, lymph glands of 

Middle cervical of swine and 

deep cervical of man.... 81 

Retro-pharangeal of swine and 

external jugular of man 81 

Lymph follicles of man 125 

Manipulation 

Means of manipulating maxil- 
lary lymph glands 84 

Maxillary salivary gland 

Covers sub-atloid of (bovine) 33-36 
In swine, difference in cross- 
secion between it and maxil- 
lary lymph gland 84 

In acute diseases 133 

Meat-producing animals 

Normal lymph glands of 115-118 

Meat, putrid 

Characteristics of 163 

Medullary zone 

Of lymph glands 11/ 

Melanin 

In melano sarcomatosis (horse) 

136 

Melano-sarcomatosis in horse 

Contents of tumors 136 

Origin of tumors 136 



Mesentery (swine) 

Lymph glands between folds 

of 99 

Mesenteric artery 

Lymph glands near (swine) 99 

Relation to thirty groups of 

lymphatics (horse) 109 

Mesenteric lymph glands (sheep) 

Taenioid linguatula in 160 

Lesions caused by 150 

Mesenteric lymph glands 

And coccidiosis 149 

And trichinosis 150 

Meso-splenic ligament (swine) 

Relation to splenic lymph 

glands 150 

Microbes, pyogenic 

In lymph glands 58 

Microbian alterations 

_ Of lymph glands 153-154 

Microorganisms 

In domestic animals 142 

Missing 

Presusternal glands (horse)... 105 
Missing in swine 

Retropharyngeal glands 80 

Mononuclear cells 

Small, lymph cells 120 

Large, description of 120 

Mucous membrane 

Lymphatic tissue in hog 116 

Mycelial growth 

Of fungi in glands 141-142 

Myelocytes 

(see granular leucocytes) 124 

Neck 

Lymph glands of (bovine). ...33-36 

Lymph glands of .(swine) 77-80 

Lymph glands of (horse) 106 

Nerve 

Pneumogastric, its relation to 
hyoid lymphatics (bovine)... 37 

Neutral coloratives 119 

Neutrophilous cells 120 

Neutrophilous granulations 120 

Normal microbian flora 

Of lymph glands 153-154 

Non-pathogenic organisms 

In lymphatic glands 153 

Occult tuberculosis 158 

Old animals 

Leucocytes in blood of 122 

Oomycetes mucorineas 

In lymph glands 142 

Origin 

Of lymphocytes 123 

Of mononuclear leucocytes . . . 123 

Of polynuclear leucocytes 123 

Palpation 

Of popliteal gland in swine.. 89-90 
Palustral infections 

Mononuclear leucocytes in 123 



SYNOPTICAL INDEX 



173 



Pancreas 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 60 

Is not continuous with liver 

(swine) 95 

Comparison of that of swine 

and cattle 95 

Lymph glands of swine 94-98 

Situation of (swine) 95 

Lymph glands of (horse) 109 

Parotid salivary gland (cattle) 

Its relation to lymph glands.. 36 
Parotid salivary gland (swine) 
Lymph glands on anterior bor- 
der 77 

Lymph glands near posterior 
border . , 77 

Great size and extent in hogs 80 
Parotid 

Lymph glands of horse 106 

Lymph glands in aged hogs... 134 
Parasitic diseases 

Eosinophily in 123 

Parasitic alterations 

In lymph glands 141-142 

Parasitisms, animal 

Their relation to lymph glands 150 
Pathogenic organisms 

In lymphatic glands 153 

Pathological alterations 

In lymph glands 131-164 

Pathological changes 

In lymph glands inacute dis- 
eases 134 

Patches, Peyers 

In the hog 115-116 

Pelvic region 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 44-45 

Lymph glands of (swine) 90 

Peyers patches 

in the hog 115-116 

Phagocytes 120 

Phagocytic character 

Of leucocytes 120 

Pharynx 

Relation to lymph glands 

(horse) 106 

•Physiological coloration of hem- 
atic and lymphatic glands. 127 
Physiological pulmonary anthra- 

cosis 137 

Pigmentation 

Of lymph glands with mel- 
anin 136 

With hematogenous matter 137 

With coal particles 137 

Pleura 

Removing growths from (bo- 
vine and swine) 15 

Plexiform nervous ganglion (bo- 
vine) 

Relation to hyoid lymphatics.. 37 

Its size in cattle 37 

Pneumonia 

Prebronchial glands in 137 

Polynuclear leucocytes 

With neutrophilous grains 121 



With acidophilous grains 121 

Situation and character of 

acidophilous leucocytes 121 

Popliteal lymph gland (swine) 

Different topography than in 
cattle 89 

Means of finding it 89 

Palpation of 90 

Popliteal glands 

Appearance in acute infections 133 

In tuberculosis 161 

Portal vein 

Relation to hepatic lymph 

glands (horse) 109 

Posterior leg (swine) 

Lymph glands of 88-90 

Posterior leg (horse) 

Lymph glands of 107-108 

Precrural glandular chain 

Not in cattle ._ 50 

Precrural lymph gland (swine) 

Peculiar topography 88 

Means of finding 88 

Precrural gland 

In tuberculosis 161 

Prescapular gland (swine) 

Volume and lobulation 86 

Its topographic anatomy 86 

Condition in acute diseases... 133 

In putrid meat 163 

Pretracheo-bronchial glands 

Difference in location (bovine) 59 
Protozoa 

And lymph glands 149 

Pseudo- tuberculosis 

See bovine enteritis 162 

Pulmonary blood vessels (bovine) 

Their relation to the bronchial 

tree ., 55-58 

Pulmonary lymphatics (swine)... 94 
Pulpous surfaces 

Of lymph glands 117 

Purulent adenitis 

In swine 162 

Pus-forming microbes 

In lymph glands 152 

Putrefaction of meat 

Lymph glands in 163 

Pyogenic organisms 

In lymph glands 153-154 

Red color 

Of some swine lymphatics 127 

Rectal lymph glands (bovine).... 68 
Reticulated tissue 

Of lymph glands 118 

Retropharyngeal lymph gland (bo- 
vine) 

Position on removing head 37 

Retro-parotid chain 

Of lymph glands (swine) 80 

Retropharyngeal lymph gland 

Most affected with actinobacil- 

losis 147 

Rib, eleventh and twelfth 

Glands of (bovine) 25 



174 



SYNOPTICAL INDEX 



Rib, thirteenth 

Large gland near (bovine) 54 

Right renal lymph gland (bovine) 

Concealed by renal chain 41 

Rouget 

Effects on lymph glands 155 

Salivary glands 

Parotid, its relations to paro- 
tid lymph gland (cattle) 36 

Maxillary, its relation to max- 
illary lymph gland (cattle) 36 

Parotid, its relation to paro- 
tid lymph glands (swine)... 77-81 

Maxillary, its relation to max- 
illary lymph glands (swine)81-84 
Salivary maxillary 

Distinction from maxillary 
lymph gland (swine) 84 

Lymph glands near (horse)... 106 
Salivary, parotid 

Distinction from sub-parotid 

lymph gland (swine) 81 

Sarcomata 

In lymph glands, description 

of 135 

Scarpas triangle 

Lymph glands of (horse) 108 

Sclerosis 

Lymph glands affected by 133 

In aged sows and boars 134 

Characteristicts of in lymph 
glands 134 

Causes of 134 

Septa 

Of compound lymph glands .. 116 

Of lymph glands of swine 125 

Septicemia hemorrhagica 

Lymph glands in 155 

Septicemia, Gangrenous 158 

Sheep 

Lymph glands of 103 

Hematids in 126 

Anthrax lesions in lymph glands 

of v 154 

Caseous adenitis in 162 

Sinuses 

Cavernous, of lymph glands... 116 
Situation 

Of lymph glands (swine) 71-98 

Of lymph glands (sheep) 103 

Of lymph glands (horse). .. .105-109 
•Of lymph glands (cattle) ....21-68 
Small mesenteric artery (swine) 

Lymph glands near 99 

Solvent 

Sulphuric acid action on pig- 
ment 139 

Spleen 

Lymph glands of (bovine) ..61-64 

Lymph glands of (swine) 98 

Lymph glands of (horse) 109 

Action of hematics in 126 

Staphylococci 

In lymph glands 154 

Staphylococci equi, cause of 
horse distemper 157 



Statistics 

Of tuberculosis in animals in 

Paris 108 

Sternal region 

Lymph glands in (bovine).... 25 
Sterno-diaphragmatic gland 32 

Exceptional in swine 74 

Sterno-mastoid muscle 

Relation to thymus in young 

swine -. 84-85 

Stomach 

Lymph glands of (swine) 25 

Lymph glands of (horse) 108 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 64-65 

Varying location of glands.... 64 
Streptococci 

In lymph glands 153 

Stroma 

Albuginia, of lymph glands... 117 
Sub-atloid lymph gland (swine) 

Comparison with thymus 85 

Sub-lingual gland 

Most affected with actinobacil- 

losis , 148 

Sub-lumbar region 

Lymph glands of (bovine).... 41-44 
Sub-maxillary lymph glands 

And cysticerci cellulosae 150 

Sub-scapular gland (horse) 

Its size 107 

Sulphuric acid 

Action on hematic pigments... 139 
Superficial inguinal glands 

In tuberculosis 161 

In swine, finding it 89 

Supplementary lobe of lung 

glands of (bovine) 60 

Support 

To blood vessels of lymph 

glands 117 

Supra-renal capsules 

Description of (bovine) 41 

Appearance of section 41 

Confusion of with renal lymph 

glands 41 

Sus-epitrochlear gland 

Wanting in swine 84 

Swine 

Lymph glands of 71-98 

Lymph glands of chest 71-74 

Lymph glands of neck 77-80 

Lymph glands of head 81-85 

Lymph glands of abdominal 

wall 80-88 

Lymph glands of posterior leg87-90 
Lymph glands of pelvic cavity 90 

Visceral lymph glands 91-99 

Liver lymph glands 94 

Pancreas lymph glands 95-98 

Stomach lymph glands 98 

Splenic glands 98 

Intestinal lymph glands 98-99 

Mesenteric lymph glands 99 

Rarity of hematic glands ..... 127 
Lymph glands on acute dis- 
eases 133 



SYNOPTICAL INDEX 



175 



Swine (continued] 

Maxillary lymph gland con- 
gestion 133 

Lymph glands in diseases of... 156 

Tuberculosis in 162 

Caseous adenitis in 162 

Swine plague 

Lymph glands in 162 

Symptomatic anthrax 

Lymph glands in 153 

Tearing serous membranes 

Suspicion of 14 

Thoracic cavity 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 21 

Lymph glands of (swine) 71-75 

Lymph glands of (horse) 105 

Coal particles in glands of 137 

Thoracic duct microorganisms 153 

Thyroid gland (swine) 

Situation 74 

Condition 74 

Differentiation from lymph 

glands 74 

Appearance in young pigs 75 

Appearance in sows 75 

Appearance in males 75 

Thymus gland 

Confusion of cervical portion 
with deep cervical lymph 

glands 84 

Thymus gland body 

Confusion of lymph glands of 

chest entrance 85 

Its elongation in swine 85 

Appearance and attachments 

in swine 85 

Confusion with axillary lymph 

glands 85 

Tongue lymph glands of (bovine)37-40 
Tonsils 

Where found (bovine) 40 

Description of (bovine) 41 

Lymphoid crests of (bovine).. 40 
Topographic anatomical data 

Necessity for knowledge of 13 

Trabeculae 

Of lymph glands 116 

Triangularis sterni muscle 

Absence of intercostal glands 

(swine) 74 

Trichinae spiralis 

In mesenteric glands 151 

Tuberculosis 

Examination of lymph glands 
for needful 13 

Differentiation from other dis- 
eases 21 

Tuberculosis of the tonsils... 40 



Tuberculosis (continued) 

Tubercular hypertrophy of the 

lymph glands 58 

Effect on right pretracheo- 

bronchial gland (bovine)... 59 
Not to be confused with lymph- 

adenia 134 

Distinguished from sarcomata 135 
Differentiation from lesions of 

aspergillosis 142-154 

Differentiation from actino- 

bacillosis 148 

Of the lymph glands 158-159 

Tuberculous lymphoma 158 

Occult glandular tuberculosis.. 158 
Variety of lesions in lymph 

glands 159 

.Non-infection of mesenteries... 160 
Filtration of tubercle bacilli 

by lymphatics 160 

Pulmonary infection by way 

the alimentary tract 160 

Glandular lesions of 160 

Muscular glands in 161 

Prepectoral glands in 161 

Popliteal glands in 161 

Superficial inguinal glands in. 161 
Statistics of glandular infec- 
tion 161 

Tumors 

Kinds affecting lymph glands.. 135 

Variations in structure of normal 

lymphatic glands 
Reasons for the variations 125-127 
Vegetable carbon 

In lymph glands 138 

Vegetable parasites 

Affecting lymph glands 141-150 

Viscera 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 55-68 

Lymphatic glands of (horse) 

108-109 

Visceral congestion 

Discolorations in 137 

Wall, abdominal 

Lymph glands of (horse) 107-108 

Lymph glands of (bovine) 41-44 

White globules 118 

Worms 

And lymph glands 150-5 

Young animals 

Lymphocytes in blood of 122 

Largeness of lymphoid sur- 
faces in 125 

Zona 

Of lymph glands 125 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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